Selamat Mengerjakan LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS Nama Email ASAL SEKOLAH 1. perhatikan soal berikut! MEMORANDUM TO : Marketing staff FROM : Jonathan Blair DATE : August 22 RE : New Advertising Campaign We are very excited about our new line of infant clothes this year. The following will give you a general outline of the marketing strategies we have planned to help promote our new clothes. As you all know, this is our first attempt in this market, and we are anticipating great results. And to add to this, we have pit together our biggest and most expensive ad campaign in several of the country's largest media. TELEVISION SPOTS A thirty-second commercial on 3 of the larges networks during primetime houses (7-9 p.m.) for three months. A total of 4 showings between 9-11 p.m. on Saturday and 6 showings on Sundays. NEWSPAPER ADD INS Will feature a three-pages advertisement complete with colorful! illustrations and discount coupons. Will be inserted into the middle of all major newspaper in the city on weekend editions for two months SUBWAY AND BUS ADS Advertising poster on major routes around the city. A total of 5.000 posters will be posted for a months. Everyone is encouraged to submit comments and ideas to the Marketing Departement. What is the main purpose of the memorandum? To recruit talented people to work on an advertising project. To announce the company's future plans. To inform the staff members about a television documentary To find a model spokesperson for the posters to encourage the staff to help with the marketing team. 2. perhatikan soal berikut! MEMORANDUM TO : Marketing staff FROM : Jonathan Blair DATE : August 22 RE : New Advertising Campaign We are very excited about our new line of infant clothes this year. The following will give you a general outline of the marketing strategies we have planned to help promote our new clothes. As you all know, this is our first attempt in this market, and we are anticipating great results. And to add to this, we have pit together our biggest and most expensive ad campaign in several of the country's largest media. TELEVISION SPOTS A thirty-second commercial on 3 of the larges networks during primetime houses (7-9 p.m.) for three months. A total of 4 showings between 9-11 p.m. on Saturday and 6 showings on Sundays. NEWSPAPER ADD INS Will feature a three-pages advertisement complete with colorful! illustrations and discount coupons. Will be inserted into the middle of all major newspaper in the city on weekend editions for two months SUBWAY AND BUS ADS Advertising poster on major routes around the city. A total of 5.000 posters will be posted for a months. Everyone is encouraged to submit comments and ideas to the Marketing Departement.Who Is the target audience for the new products being launched? Babies. Children. Adults. Seniors. All ages. 3. perhatikan soal berikut! MEMORANDUM TO : Marketing staff FROM : Jonathan Blair DATE : August 22 RE : New Advertising Campaign We are very excited about our new line of infant clothes this year. The following will give you a general outline of the marketing strategies we have planned to help promote our new clothes. As you all know, this is our first attempt in this market, and we are anticipating great results. And to add to this, we have pit together our biggest and most expensive ad campaign in several of the country's largest media. TELEVISION SPOTS A thirty-second commercial on 3 of the larges networks during primetime houses (7-9 p.m.) for three months. A total of 4 showings between 9-11 p.m. on Saturday and 6 showings on Sundays. NEWSPAPER ADD INS Will feature a three-pages advertisement complete with colorful! illustrations and discount coupons. Will be inserted into the middle of all major newspaper in the city on weekend editions for two months SUBWAY AND BUS ADS Advertising poster on major routes around the city. A total of 5.000 posters will be posted for a months. Everyone is encouraged to submit comments and ideas to the Marketing Departement. What can be inferred from the memorandum? Local television is airing a special on the company. The company is breaking into a new market. An article about the company has been printed in the local paper. The subway and bus strikes will affect the company. The advertisements in subway and bus are in the form of videos. 4. perhatikan soal berikut! MEMORANDUM TO : Marketing staff FROM : Jonathan Blair DATE : August 22 RE : New Advertising Campaign We are very excited about our new line of infant clothes this year. The following will give you a general outline of the marketing strategies we have planned to help promote our new clothes. As you all know, this is our first attempt in this market, and we are anticipating great results. And to add to this, we have pit together our biggest and most expensive ad campaign in several of the country's largest media. TELEVISION SPOTS A thirty-second commercial on 3 of the larges networks during primetime houses (7-9 p.m.) for three months. A total of 4 showings between 9-11 p.m. on Saturday and 6 showings on Sundays. NEWSPAPER ADD INS Will feature a three-pages advertisement complete with colorful! illustrations and discount coupons. Will be inserted into the middle of all major newspaper in the city on weekend editions for two months SUBWAY AND BUS ADS Advertising poster on major routes around the city. A total of 5.000 posters will be posted for a months. Everyone is encouraged to submit comments and ideas to the Marketing Departement. How many times will the ad be aired on a weekday on one station? 3 times. 4 times. 5 times. 6 times. 7 times. 5. perhatikan soal berikut! MEMORANDUM TO : Marketing staff FROM : Jonathan Blair DATE : August 22 RE : New Advertising Campaign We are very excited about our new line of infant clothes this year. The following will give you a general outline of the marketing strategies we have planned to help promote our new clothes. As you all know, this is our first attempt in this market, and we are anticipating great results. And to add to this, we have pit together our biggest and most expensive ad campaign in several of the country's largest media. TELEVISION SPOTS A thirty-second commercial on 3 of the larges networks during primetime houses (7-9 p.m.) for three months. A total of 4 showings between 9-11 p.m. on Saturday and 6 showings on Sundays. NEWSPAPER ADD INS Will feature a three-pages advertisement complete with colorful! illustrations and discount coupons. Will be inserted into the middle of all major newspaper in the city on weekend editions for two months SUBWAY AND BUS ADS Advertising poster on major routes around the city. A total of 5.000 posters will be posted for a months. Everyone is encouraged to submit comments and ideas to the Marketing Departement. Which of the following is NOT true about the newspaper ad? It will be printed in various colors. It will be featured on the front page. It will offer discount vouchers. It will be included in the weekend editions. It will be featured for two months. 6. perhatikan soal berikut! Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, therefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? Venture capitalists tend to be more responsive than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial I needs. The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur. More than half of all new companies fail within five years. The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the management structures of on going businesses. Venture capitalists base their decisions to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company. 7. perhatikan soal berikut! Automobile Dealer's Advertisement: The Highway Traffic Safety Institute reports that the PZ 1000 has the fewest injuries per accident of any car in its class. This shows that the PZ 1000 is one of the safest cars available today. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement? The Highway Traffic Safety Institute report listed many cars in other classes that had more injuries per accident than did the PZ 1000. In recent years many more PZ 1000s have been sold than have any other kind of car in its class. Cars in the class to which the PZ 1000 belongs are more likely to be involved in accidents than are other types of cars. The difference between the number of injuries per accident for the PZ 1000 and that for other cars in its class is quite pronounced. The Highway Traffic Safety Institute issues reports only once a year. 8. perhatikan soal berikut! Journalist: In late 1994, the present government of the Republic of Bellam came into power. Each year since then, about thirty journalists have been imprisoned for printing articles that criticize the government. In 1994, under the old government, only six journalists were imprisoned for criticizing the government. So the old government was more tolerant of criticism by the press than the new one is. Politician: But in 1994 only six journalists criticized the government, and now journalists routinely do. The politician challenges the journalist’s argument by doing which of the following? Presenting data that extend further into the past than the journalist's data. Introducing evidence that undermines an assumption of the journalist's argument. Questioning the accuracy of the evidence presented in support of the journalist's conclusion. Pointing out that the argument illegitimately draws ageneral conclusion on the basis of a sample of only a few cases. Stating that the argument treats information about some members of a group as if it applied to all members of that group. 9. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten sequential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. What is the primary purpose of sentence Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. (Passage 1, Paragraph 1) To present practical applications. To refute a particular line of thinking. To clarify an unfamiliar term. To draw attention to a harmful process. To confirm a certain assuattion. 10. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But | digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten seguential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. The author of passage 1 most directly suggests that the long term consumption of fructose will lead to ... An increasingly well-regulated hormonal balance a significant increase in neorotoxins in the blood supply a greater likelihood of developing health ailments No significant changes to bodily processes one sole type of diabetic disease 11. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten seguential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. Which option gives the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? while harm less in smaller amounts, once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. (paragraph 1, passage 1) When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose—1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. (paragraph 3, passage 1) when glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguently isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. (paragraph 3, passage 1) Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders (paragraph 4, passage 1) The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch liesin the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxy-acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. (paragraph 4, passage 1) 12. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten seguential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. Which option gives the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten seguential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. The author of passage 2 most likely uses sentence Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively in order to ... demonstrate that corn syrup is especially harmful to consumers how that corn syrup is undeservingly singled-out for criticism argue that fructose is but one reason that corn-syrup is maligned illustrate that many foodstuffs contain great guantities of sugar clarify that other foodstuffs are lower in fructose compared to corn starch. 13. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten seguential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. Which option gives the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?Passage 1 Since coming to a head in 2004, the high fructose corn syrup crisis and its role I the emergent obesity epidemic has faced unwavering denial from the food industry, yet the effort to defend the additive on scientific grounds have been dubious at best. We are all familiar with the pitifui syilogism:com syrup comes from corn, and corn is natural, corn syrup, therefore, is natural. However true this may be, it provides no proof whatsoever as to corn syrup's safety for human consumption. Selanine, for example, is easily extracted from potatoes, and while harm less in smaller amounts, Once concentrated it becomes a potent and potentially deadly neurotoxin. But digress. Let us not look to the source of corn syrup to determine its nutritional demerit, but turn instead to its direct metabolism effect on our bodies. Under ideal circumstances, the vast majority of sugar in our blood is derived from starch, which is broken into glucose before being released to the bloodstream Glycolysis is the name applied to ten seguential chemical reactions that allow us to either liberate energy from glucose, or transform it into fats for storage in adipose tissues. Gluconeogenesis. mean while, is an opposite process in which glucose is derived from non-carbohydrate substance, and a close and efficient regulation of the balance between glycolityc and gluconeogenic processes in response to the changing concentra tions of glucose in the blood is necessary for the maintenance of healthful homeostatis. By far the most critical point in this regulation occurs at the third step of glycolysis: in the hormonaliy-controlled phosphorylation of fructose-6-phospate into fructose-1, 6-bisphopate. When glucose is abundant, pancreatic insulin induces the forward glycolytic catalysis of this reaction, allowing the production of fructose — 1,6-bisphospate, which in turn is cleaved into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. When glucose is scarce, pancreatic glucagon blocks glycolysis, and induces the gluconeogenic production of fructose-6-phosphate, which is subseguentty isomerized into glucose-6-phosphate, and released into the blood. The primary problem, therefore, with deriving major amounts of dietary sugar directly from fructose rather than from starch lies in the fact that the degradation of fructose-which, upon entry into the cell, is split immediately into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde—completely bypasses the first four steps of glycolysis, including the most critical regulatory reaction in the entire process. Thus, how our bodies handle the usage of fructose is utterly dissociated from the hormonal control of insulin and glucagon, which, over time, invariably predisposes one to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and a host of other dangerous metabolic disorders. passage 2 The media frenzy and public outcry that have surrounded the use of high fructose corn syrup as a food additive are as unfounded as the similarly nonsensical indignations that erupted in response to the advent of commercially available genetically modified crop seeds. Despite ongoing proof that genetically modified crops are not only perfectly safe for consumption, but that they have in fact saved an estimated 600 million people from starvation over the past two decades, fears and skepticism toward them persist simply because they are popularly perceived as “unnatural,” and thus, somehow unhealthy These same misguided apprehensions have been at the forefront of the crusade against high fructose corn syrup. Yet, in reality, the process of producing corn syrup is strikingly similar to the carbohydrate metabolism that occurs naturally within the human body. First, corn starch is broken down into glucose isomerase. Overall, the recipe is hardly as sinister as its opponents would have us believe. We must acknowledge, of course, that research has identified with the chronic overconsumption of sugar, and perhaps of fructose in particular. There risks, however, are by no means limited to foodstuffs containing high fructose corn syrup. Depending on the formula, corn syrup contains between 42% and 55% fructose by volume. For comparison, cane sugar, honey, and agave nectar-three popular sweeteners touted as “natural”, and therefore, more healthful- contain 50%, 52%, and 85% fructose, respectively. Thus, while it is true that fructose should be consumed only in moderation, the singling out of product that contain high fructose corn syrup is not merely insufficient action to curb the fructose —associated obesity epidemic in our country, it's also patently misleading to consumers. The authors of Passage 1 and Passage 2 primary analyze examples from general areas to make their respective cases? Passage 1 analyzes examples internal to the human body, and Passage 1 analyzes examples external to the human body. Passage 1 analyzes examples external to the human body, and Passage 1 analyzes examples internal to the human body. both focus on examples internal to the human body. both focus on examples external to the human body Both focus on the down effects of corn syrup. 14. perhatikan soal berikut! In an attempt improve the overall performance of clerical workers, many companies have intro- duced computerized performance monitoring and control systems (CPMCS) that record and report a worker's computer-driven activities. However, at least one study has shown that such monitoring may not be having the desired effect. In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical workers and their supervisors how assessments of productivity affected supervisors' ratings of workers' performance, In contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, who without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and their supervisors all responded that productivity was the critical factor in assigning ratings. ThiS finding suggested that there should have been a strong correlation between a monitored worker's productivity and the overall rating the worker received, However, measures of the relationship between overall rating and individual elements of performance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors gave considerable weight to criteria such as attendance, accuracy, and indications of customer satisfaction. It is possible that productivity may be a "hygiene factor": that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the overall rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes "good enough," higher productivity per se is unlikely toimprove a rating. According to the passage, before the final results of the study were known, which of use of the following seemed likely? That workers with the highest productivity would also be the most accurate. That workers who initially achieved high productivity ratings would continue to do so consistently. That the highest performance ratings would be achieved by workers with the highest productivity. That the most productive workers would be those whose supervisors claimed to value productivity. The supervisors who claimed to value productivity would place equal value on customer satisfaction. 15. perhatikan soal berikut! In an attempt improve the overall performance of clerical workers, many companies have intro- duced computerized performance monitoring and control systems (CPMCS) that record and report a worker's computer-driven activities. However, at least one study has shown that such monitoring may not be having the desired effect. In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical workers and their supervisors how assessments of productivity affected supervisors' ratings of workers' performance, In contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, who without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and their supervisors all responded that productivity was the critical factor in assigning ratings. ThiS finding suggested that there should have been a strong correlation between a monitored worker's productivity and the overall rating the worker received, However, measures of the relationship between overall rating and individual elements of performance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors gave considerable weight to criteria such as attendance, accuracy, and indications of customer satisfaction. It is possible that productivity may be a "hygiene factor": that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the overall rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes "good enough," higher productivity per se is unlikely toimprove a rating. It can be inferred that the author of the passage discusses "unmonitored workers" (line 6) primarily in order to ... compare the ratings of these workers with the ratings of monitored workers provide an example of a case in which monitoring might be ineffective provide evidence of an inappropriate use of CPMCS emphasize the effect that CPMCS may have on workers' perceptions of their jobs illustrate the effect that CPMCS may have on workers' ratings 16. perhatikan soal berikut! In an attempt improve the overall performance of clerical workers, many companies have intro- duced computerized performance monitoring and control systems (CPMCS) that record and report a worker's computer-driven activities. However, at least one study has shown that such monitoring may not be having the desired effect. In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical workers and their supervisors how assessments of productivity affected supervisors' ratings of workers' performance, In contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, who without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and their supervisors all responded that productivity was the critical factor in assigning ratings. ThiS finding suggested that there should have been a strong correlation between a monitored worker's productivity and the overall rating the worker received, However, measures of the relationship between overall rating and individual elements of performance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors gave considerable weight to criteria such as attendance, accuracy, and indications of customer satisfaction. It is possible that productivity may be a "hygiene factor": that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the overall rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes "good enough," higher productivity per se is unlikely toimprove a rating. According to the passage, a "hygiene factor" is an aspect of a worker's performance that... has no effect on the rating of a worker's performance is so basic to performance that it is assumed to be adeguate for all workers is given lessimportance than it deserves in rating a worker's performance is not likely to affect a worker's rating unless it is judged to be in adeguate is important primarily because of the effect it has on a worker's rating 17. perhatikan soal berikut! Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the impressionists' unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates him-self from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of impressionist painting has, in Herbert's view, left the history out of art history: his aim is to restore impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not finally persuasive. In attempting to place impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely be- cause their paintings do not suit Herbert's emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly Characterize as impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic difference, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert's emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only : an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted-description. Their painting in effect have two levels of subject: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? The style of impressionist paintings has only an indirect relation to their subject matter. The approach to impressionism that is ilustrated by Herbert's recent book is inadequate. The historical context of impressionist paintings is not relevant to their interpretation. Impressionism emerged from a historical context of ideological conflict and change. Any adequate future interpretation of impressionism will have to come to terms with Herbert's view of this art movement. 18. perhatikan soal berikut! Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the impressionists' unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates him-self from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of impressionist painting has, in Herbert's view, left the history out of art history: his aim is to restore impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not finally persuasive. In attempting to place impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely be- cause their paintings do not suit Herbert's emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly Characterize as impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic difference, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert's emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only : an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted-description. Their painting in effect have two levels of subject: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. According to the passage, Rewald's book on impressionism was characterized by which one of the following? Evenhanded objectivity about the achievements of impressionism. Bias in favor of certain impressionist painters. An emphasis on the stylistic features of impressionist painting. An idiosyncratic view of which painters were to be classified as impressionists. A refusal to enter into the ideological debates that had characterized earlier discussions of impressionism. 19. perhatikan soal berikut! Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the impressionists' unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates him-self from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of impressionist painting has, in Herbert's view, left the history out of art history: his aim is to restore impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not finally persuasive. In attempting to place impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely be- cause their paintings do not suit Herbert's emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly Characterize as impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic difference, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert's emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only : an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted-description. Their painting in effect have two levels of subject: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. The author states which one of the following about modern industry and labor as subjects for painting? The impressionists neglected these subjects in their paintings. Herbert's book on impressionism fails to give adequate treatment of these subjects. The impressionists' treatment of these subjects was idealized. Rewald's treatment of impressionist painters focused inordinately on their representations of these subjects. Modernist painters presented a distorted picture of these subjects. 20. perhatikan soal berikut! Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the impressionists' unegual treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates him-self from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of impressionist painting has, in Herbert's view, left the history out of art history: his aim is to restore impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not finally persuasive. In attempting to place impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely be- cause their paintings do not suit Herbert's emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly Characterize as impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic difference, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert's emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only : an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted-description. Their painting in effect have two levels of subject: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Which one of the following most accurately describes the structure of the author's argument in the passage? The first two paragraphs each present independent arguments for a conclusion that is drawn in the third paragraph. A thesis is stated in the first paragraph and revised in the second paragraph and revised in the second paragraph, and the revised thesis is supported with argument in the third paragraph. The first two paragraphs discuss and criticize a thesis, and the third paragraph presents an alternative thesis. a claim is made in the first paragraph, and the next two paragraph, and the next two paragraphs each present reasons for accepting that claim. An argument is presented in the first paragraph, a counterargument is presented in the second paragraph, and the third paragraph suggests a way to resolve the dispute.
