Welcome to your TRYOUT LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS 12 Name Email Asal Sekolah Phone 1. perhatikan soal berikut! Try our new “Call Right" phone service, and get the first year's long distance call for free! Hard to believe? We are celebrating our 10th birthday and would like to extend an invitation to everyone to try our amazing new phone service and get the first year's long distance calls (to anywhere in the world) for free! The retail price for this package after the first year — will be $59/month. We want to say thank you for helping us become the number-one phone company in our region. The first 1.000 customers will also receive 2 state-of-the-art phone sets, which will optimize the “Call Right” experience. The sets can be used for your office or in your home. Please see our full page insert for full detail. Contact CRW Phone Co. Immediately to take advantage of this amazing offer! Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 Extended Invitation for “Call Right” phone service, and get the first year's long distance calls for free! Due to the overwhelming response to our recent ad — offering 2 state-of-the-art phone sets when signing up for our amazing new service for $59/month -we are pleased to announce an extension of this offer to an additional 3,000 customers. We knew that offer was irresistible, but within the first day of the ad, all the free gifts were gone. And to be fair to more of our loyal customers who have helped in our success, we are happy to announce that we will continue this offer to additional 3,000 customers. Thank you for your responses! To take the advantage of this continue amazing offer, please contact the CRW Phone Co. right away. Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 What is an attractive feature being offered? All now customers who sign up for a year will receive a new phone as a gift. The new service allows a year's worth of overseas calls for free. The rates for international calls have been reduced by 59% for everyone. The basic monthly charge has been deleted from everyone's bill altogether. the first 1000 customers who subscribe to the service get free mobile phones 2. perhatikan soal berikut! Try our new “Call Right" phone service, and get the first year's long distance call for free! Hard to believe? We are celebrating our 10th birthday and would like to extend an invitation to everyone to try our amazing new phone service and get the first year's long distance calls (to anywhere in the world) for free! The retail price for this package after the first year — will be $59/month. We want to say thank you for helping us become the number-one phone company in our region. The first 1.000 customers will also receive 2 state-of-the-art phone sets, which will optimize the “Call Right” experience. The sets can be used for your office or in your home. Please see our full page insert for full detail. Contact CRW Phone Co. Immediately to take advantage of this amazing offer! Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 Extended Invitation for “Call Right” phone service, and get the first year's long distance calls for free! Due to the overwhelming response to our recent ad — offering 2 state-of-the-art phone sets when signing up for our amazing new service for $59/month -we are pleased to announce an extension of this offer to an additional 3,000 customers. We knew that offer was irresistible, but within the first day of the ad, all the free gifts were gone. And to be fair to more of our loyal customers who have helped in our success, we are happy to announce that we will continue this offer to additional 3,000 customers. Thank you for your responses! To take the advantage of this continue amazing offer, please contact the CRW Phone Co. right away. Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 How can an interested person become eligible for this special offer? By signing up for a new service. By purchasing a phone. By having used the service for one year. By making a certain number of international calls. By purchasing a new type of phone. 3. perhatikan soal berikut! Try our new “Call Right" phone service, and get the first year's long distance call for free! Hard to believe? We are celebrating our 10th birthday and would like to extend an invitation to everyone to try our amazing new phone service and get the first year's long distance calls (to anywhere in the world) for free! The retail price for this package after the first year — will be $59/month. We want to say thank you for helping us become the number-one phone company in our region. The first 1.000 customers will also receive 2 state-of-the-art phone sets, which will optimize the “Call Right” experience. The sets can be used for your office or in your home. Please see our full page insert for full detail. Contact CRW Phone Co. Immediately to take advantage of this amazing offer! Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 Extended Invitation for “Call Right” phone service, and get the first year's long distance calls for free! Due to the overwhelming response to our recent ad — offering 2 state-of-the-art phone sets when signing up for our amazing new service for $59/month -we are pleased to announce an extension of this offer to an additional 3,000 customers. We knew that offer was irresistible, but within the first day of the ad, all the free gifts were gone. And to be fair to more of our loyal customers who have helped in our success, we are happy to announce that we will continue this offer to additional 3,000 customers. Thank you for your responses! To take the advantage of this continue amazing offer, please contact the CRW Phone Co. right away. Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 What can be inferred from the second ad? There was an explosion of interest from the first ad. The phone company spent a lot of money on marketing. The first ad did not go as well as they had hoped. The existing customers are not happy with the offer. The company had to cancel the advertisement due to the overwhelming demand. 4. perhatikan soal berikut! Try our new “Call Right" phone service, and get the first year's long distance call for free! Hard to believe? We are celebrating our 10th birthday and would like to extend an invitation to everyone to try our amazing new phone service and get the first year's long distance calls (to anywhere in the world) for free! The retail price for this package after the first year — will be $59/month. We want to say thank you for helping us become the number-one phone company in our region. The first 1.000 customers will also receive 2 state-of-the-art phone sets, which will optimize the “Call Right” experience. The sets can be used for your office or in your home. Please see our full page insert for full detail. Contact CRW Phone Co. Immediately to take advantage of this amazing offer! Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 Extended Invitation for “Call Right” phone service, and get the first year's long distance calls for free! Due to the overwhelming response to our recent ad — offering 2 state-of-the-art phone sets when signing up for our amazing new service for $59/month -we are pleased to announce an extension of this offer to an additional 3,000 customers. We knew that offer was irresistible, but within the first day of the ad, all the free gifts were gone. And to be fair to more of our loyal customers who have helped in our success, we are happy to announce that we will continue this offer to additional 3,000 customers. Thank you for your responses! To take the advantage of this continue amazing offer, please contact the CRW Phone Co. right away. Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 What is the main reason for the offer being extended? The company wants to provide an Opportunity to more of its faithful customers. The company felt that the original offer period was too short. The company wants to improve its Image by prolonging the attention they are getting. The company is afraid that their sales might drop if the offer ends. The company doesn't receive an expected response from the customers. 5. perhatikan soal berikut! Try our new “Call Right" phone service, and get the first year's long distance call for free! Hard to believe? We are celebrating our 10th birthday and would like to extend an invitation to everyone to try our amazing new phone service and get the first year's long distance calls (to anywhere in the world) for free! The retail price for this package after the first year — will be $59/month. We want to say thank you for helping us become the number-one phone company in our region. The first 1.000 customers will also receive 2 state-of-the-art phone sets, which will optimize the “Call Right” experience. The sets can be used for your office or in your home. Please see our full page insert for full detail. Contact CRW Phone Co. Immediately to take advantage of this amazing offer! Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 Extended Invitation for “Call Right” phone service, and get the first year's long distance calls for free! Due to the overwhelming response to our recent ad — offering 2 state-of-the-art phone sets when signing up for our amazing new service for $59/month -we are pleased to announce an extension of this offer to an additional 3,000 customers. We knew that offer was irresistible, but within the first day of the ad, all the free gifts were gone. And to be fair to more of our loyal customers who have helped in our success, we are happy to announce that we will continue this offer to additional 3,000 customers. Thank you for your responses! To take the advantage of this continue amazing offer, please contact the CRW Phone Co. right away. Customers in Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-800-511-1111 Customers outside of Lakefield Call Toll-Free 1-999-255-1902 How many customers will get the free gift? 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 4,500 6. perhatikan soal berikut! Crops can be traded on the futures market before they are harvested. If a poor corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures rise: if a bountiful corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures fall. This morning meteorologists are predicting much-needed rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow. Therefore, since adequate moisture is essential for the current crop's survival, prices of corn futures will fall sharply today. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above? Corn that does not receive adequate moisture during its critical pollination stage will not produce a bountiful harvest. Future prices for corn have been fluctuating more dramatically this season than last season. The rain that meteorologists predicted for tomorrow is expected to extend well beyond the corn-growing region. Agriculture experts announced today that a disease that has devastated some of the corn crop will spread widely before the end of the growing season. Most people who trade in corn futures rarely take physical possession of the corn they trade. 7. perhatikan soal berikut! The interview is an essential part of a successful hiring program because, with it, job applicants who have personalities that are unsuited to the requirements of the job will be eliminated from consideration. The argument above logically depends on which of the following assumptions? hiring program will be successful if it includes interviews. The interview is a more important part of a successful hiring program than is the development of a job description. Interviewers can accurately identify applicants whose personalities are unsuited to the requirements of the job. The only purpose of an interview is to evaluate whether job applicants' personalities are suited to the requirements of the job. The fit of job applicants' personalities to the requirements of the job was once the most important factor in making hiring decisions. 8. perhatikan soal berikut! Boreal owls range over a much larger area than do other owls of similar size. The reason for this behavior is probably that the small mammals on which owls feed are especially scarce in the forests where boreal owils live, and the relative scarcity of prey requires the owls to range more extensively to find sufficient food. Which of the following, if true, most helps to confirm the explanation above? Some boreal owls range over an area eight times larger than the area over which any other owl of similar size ranges. Boreal owls range over larger areas in regions where food of the sort eaten by small mammals is sparse than they do in regions where such food is abundant. After their young hatch, boreal owis must hunt more often than before in order to feed both themselves and their newly hatched young. Sometimes individual boreal owls hunt near a single location for many weeks at a time and do not range farther than a few hundred yards. The boreal owl requires less food, relative to its weight, than is required by members of other owl species. 9. perhatikan soal berikut! Theater Critic: The play La Finestrina, now at Central Theater, was written in Italy in the eighteenth century. The director claims that this production is as similar to the original production as is possible in a modern theater. Although the actor who plays Harlequin the clown gives a performance very reminiscent of the twentieth-century American comedian Groucho Marx, Marx's comic style was very much within the comic acting tradition that had begun in sixteenth-century Italy. The considerations given best serve as part of an argument that ... modern audiences would find it hard to tolerate certain characteristics of a historically accurate performance of an eighteenth-century play Groucho Marx once performed the part of the character Harlequin in La Finestrina in the United States the training of actors in thetwentieth century is based on principles that do not differ radically from those that underlay the training of actors in eighteenth-century Italy the performance of the actor who plays Harlequin in La Finestrina does not serve as evidence against the director's claim the director of La Finestrina must have advised the actor who plays Harlequin to model his performance on comic performances of Groucho Marx 10. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. If humans have four limbs like their primate ancestors, why do they use only two of them to walk? A number of theories have been proposed over the years, but one of the most compelling remains Charles Darwin's own. The advanced intelligence of the early human ancestors meant that they had more uses for their two free limbs. Imagine bringing the groceries in from the car: if you were using all four of your limbs to walk inside, how much could you carry? Not much, and the same was true for our early human ancestors. Early humans could not only carry more food back to their families. They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. With more dexterity came more delicacy: early human feet were meant to plod along, while early human hands were involved in higher-order operations. In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. Modern humans can't have one without the other. The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity. Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. Passage 2 The author of Passage I cites an early theory from the Father of Evolution, but recent studies have shown the matter to be more than a question of human intelligence. After all, Darwin's theory shows more than anything a researcher's bias. If he seeks to prove, ultimately, that humans are an "evolved" species, then all of his theories must necessarily support this idea. This is not to say that Darwin's theory is necessarily wrong: it may be merely incomplete. It is conceivable, for instance, that bipedalism did ultimately contribute to the evolution of human intelligence, but such a theory does not explain the cause. We do not accept Passage I's proposition that "bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive." Bipedalism must have come first. It may have led to increased human intelligence, but to imagine some divine model of an already-intelligent brain saying, "Let us walk on two legs!" is something that reason cannot brook. A study issued in 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows definitively the scientific basis for bipedalism: energy. Three researchers studied the various perambulatory habits of chimpanzees (humans' closest living ancestor) and humans. With both the humans and the chimpanzees on a treadmill, the researchers used oxygen masks to record energy expenditure. They found that the chimpanzees expended egual amounts of energy walking on two and four limbs. The humans, however, used 75 percent less energy walking upright than walking on all fours. These data show cleariy that bipedalism was an energy-saving measure for humans. This initial bipedalism led to a number of other evolving traits: humans tended to use smaller muscles, which helped with energy efficiency, and evolved longer legs and thicker bones, which helped to distribute the weight in more efficient ways. It is plausible that this eventually led to a particularly bipedal kind of intelligence, but we can't know for sure. That must be a matter for the speculators. For the scientists, however, we have solved the mystery of bipedalism. in Passage 1, the reference to "two free limbs” (line 6) serves to... emphasize that the two limbs used for walking have grown much stronger explain why animals that walk on all fours cannot go grocery shopping criticize bipedal animals for not taking full advantage of all of their limbs imply that bipedal animals can use some of their limbs for higher-order functions points out that the early humans only have two free limbs 11. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. If humans have four limbs like their primate ancestors, why do they use only two of them to walk? A number of theories have been proposed over the years, but one of the most compelling remains Charles Darwin's own. The advanced intelligence of the early human ancestors meant that they had more uses for their two free limbs. Imagine bringing the groceries in from the car: if you were using all four of your limbs to walk inside, how much could you carry? Not much, and the same was true for our early human ancestors. Early humans could not only carry more food back to their families. They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. With more dexterity came more delicacy: early human feet were meant to plod along, while early human hands were involved in higher-order operations. In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. Modern humans can't have one without the other. The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity. Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. Passage 2 The author of Passage I cites an early theory from the Father of Evolution, but recent studies have shown the matter to be more than a question of human intelligence. After all, Darwin's theory shows more than anything a researcher's bias. If he seeks to prove, ultimately, that humans are an "evolved" species, then all of his theories must necessarily support this idea. This is not to say that Darwin's theory is necessarily wrong: it may be merely incomplete. It is conceivable, for instance, that bipedalism did ultimately contribute to the evolution of human intelligence, but such a theory does not explain the cause. We do not accept Passage I's proposition that "bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive." Bipedalism must have come first. It may have led to increased human intelligence, but to imagine some divine model of an already-intelligent brain saying, "Let us walk on two legs!" is something that reason cannot brook. A study issued in 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows definitively the scientific basis for bipedalism: energy. Three researchers studied the various perambulatory habits of chimpanzees (humans' closest living ancestor) and humans. With both the humans and the chimpanzees on a treadmill, the researchers used oxygen masks to record energy expenditure. They found that the chimpanzees expended egual amounts of energy walking on two and four limbs. The humans, however, used 75 percent less energy walking upright than walking on all fours. These data show cleariy that bipedalism was an energy-saving measure for humans. This initial bipedalism led to a number of other evolving traits: humans tended to use smaller muscles, which helped with energy efficiency, and evolved longer legs and thicker bones, which helped to distribute the weight in more efficient ways. It is plausible that this eventually led to a particularly bipedal kind of intelligence, but we can't know for sure. That must be a matter for the speculators. For the scientists, however, we have solved the mystery of bipedalism. in discussig the nature of human handiness, the author of Passage 1 suggests that ... Humans' intellectual ability is inseparable from skillful use of hands. Humans' hands were useless for a long while before humans developed sufficient intellectual sophistication. Human dexterity took approximately 4 to 7 million years to develop. Humans would be just as intelligent if they wrote with their feet rather than their hands. Human's bipedalism does not contribute to their intelligence. 12. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. If humans have four limbs like their primate ancestors, why do they use only two of them to walk? A number of theories have been proposed over the years, but one of the most compelling remains Charles Darwin's own. The advanced intelligence of the early human ancestors meant that they had more uses for their two free limbs. Imagine bringing the groceries in from the car: if you were using all four of your limbs to walk inside, how much could you carry? Not much, and the same was true for our early human ancestors. Early humans could not only carry more food back to their families. They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. With more dexterity came more delicacy: early human feet were meant to plod along, while early human hands were involved in higher-order operations. In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. Modern humans can't have one without the other. The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity. Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. Passage 2 The author of Passage I cites an early theory from the Father of Evolution, but recent studies have shown the matter to be more than a question of human intelligence. After all, Darwin's theory shows more than anything a researcher's bias. If he seeks to prove, ultimately, that humans are an "evolved" species, then all of his theories must necessarily support this idea. This is not to say that Darwin's theory is necessarily wrong: it may be merely incomplete. It is conceivable, for instance, that bipedalism did ultimately contribute to the evolution of human intelligence, but such a theory does not explain the cause. We do not accept Passage I's proposition that "bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive." Bipedalism must have come first. It may have led to increased human intelligence, but to imagine some divine model of an already-intelligent brain saying, "Let us walk on two legs!" is something that reason cannot brook. A study issued in 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows definitively the scientific basis for bipedalism: energy. Three researchers studied the various perambulatory habits of chimpanzees (humans' closest living ancestor) and humans. With both the humans and the chimpanzees on a treadmill, the researchers used oxygen masks to record energy expenditure. They found that the chimpanzees expended egual amounts of energy walking on two and four limbs. The humans, however, used 75 percent less energy walking upright than walking on all fours. These data show cleariy that bipedalism was an energy-saving measure for humans. This initial bipedalism led to a number of other evolving traits: humans tended to use smaller muscles, which helped with energy efficiency, and evolved longer legs and thicker bones, which helped to distribute the weight in more efficient ways. It is plausible that this eventually led to a particularly bipedal kind of intelligence, but we can't know for sure. That must be a matter for the speculators. For the scientists, however, we have solved the mystery of bipedalism. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. (Passage 1 Paragraph 1) They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. (Passage 1 Paragraph 3) The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity (Passage 1 Paragraph 4). Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. (Passage 1 Paragraph 4) In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. (Passage 1 Paragraph 4) 13. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. If humans have four limbs like their primate ancestors, why do they use only two of them to walk? A number of theories have been proposed over the years, but one of the most compelling remains Charles Darwin's own. The advanced intelligence of the early human ancestors meant that they had more uses for their two free limbs. Imagine bringing the groceries in from the car: if you were using all four of your limbs to walk inside, how much could you carry? Not much, and the same was true for our early human ancestors. Early humans could not only carry more food back to their families. They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. With more dexterity came more delicacy: early human feet were meant to plod along, while early human hands were involved in higher-order operations. In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. Modern humans can't have one without the other. The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity. Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. Passage 2 The author of Passage I cites an early theory from the Father of Evolution, but recent studies have shown the matter to be more than a question of human intelligence. After all, Darwin's theory shows more than anything a researcher's bias. If he seeks to prove, ultimately, that humans are an "evolved" species, then all of his theories must necessarily support this idea. This is not to say that Darwin's theory is necessarily wrong: it may be merely incomplete. It is conceivable, for instance, that bipedalism did ultimately contribute to the evolution of human intelligence, but such a theory does not explain the cause. We do not accept Passage I's proposition that "bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive." Bipedalism must have come first. It may have led to increased human intelligence, but to imagine some divine model of an already-intelligent brain saying, "Let us walk on two legs!" is something that reason cannot brook. A study issued in 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows definitively the scientific basis for bipedalism: energy. Three researchers studied the various perambulatory habits of chimpanzees (humans' closest living ancestor) and humans. With both the humans and the chimpanzees on a treadmill, the researchers used oxygen masks to record energy expenditure. They found that the chimpanzees expended egual amounts of energy walking on two and four limbs. The humans, however, used 75 percent less energy walking upright than walking on all fours. These data show cleariy that bipedalism was an energy-saving measure for humans. This initial bipedalism led to a number of other evolving traits: humans tended to use smaller muscles, which helped with energy efficiency, and evolved longer legs and thicker bones, which helped to distribute the weight in more efficient ways. It is plausible that this eventually led to a particularly bipedal kind of intelligence, but we can't know for sure. That must be a matter for the speculators. For the scientists, however, we have solved the mystery of bipedalism. As used in Passage 2, "brook" most nearly means ... stream allow flow block agree 14. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. If humans have four limbs like their primate ancestors, why do they use only two of them to walk? A number of theories have been proposed over the years, but one of the most compelling remains Charles Darwin's own. The advanced intelligence of the early human ancestors meant that they had more uses for their two free limbs. Imagine bringing the groceries in from the car: if you were using all four of your limbs to walk inside, how much could you carry? Not much, and the same was true for our early human ancestors. Early humans could not only carry more food back to their families. They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. With more dexterity came more delicacy: early human feet were meant to plod along, while early human hands were involved in higher-order operations. In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. Modern humans can't have one without the other. The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity. Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. Passage 2 The author of Passage I cites an early theory from the Father of Evolution, but recent studies have shown the matter to be more than a question of human intelligence. After all, Darwin's theory shows more than anything a researcher's bias. If he seeks to prove, ultimately, that humans are an "evolved" species, then all of his theories must necessarily support this idea. This is not to say that Darwin's theory is necessarily wrong: it may be merely incomplete. It is conceivable, for instance, that bipedalism did ultimately contribute to the evolution of human intelligence, but such a theory does not explain the cause. We do not accept Passage I's proposition that "bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive." Bipedalism must have come first. It may have led to increased human intelligence, but to imagine some divine model of an already-intelligent brain saying, "Let us walk on two legs!" is something that reason cannot brook. A study issued in 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows definitively the scientific basis for bipedalism: energy. Three researchers studied the various perambulatory habits of chimpanzees (humans' closest living ancestor) and humans. With both the humans and the chimpanzees on a treadmill, the researchers used oxygen masks to record energy expenditure. They found that the chimpanzees expended egual amounts of energy walking on two and four limbs. The humans, however, used 75 percent less energy walking upright than walking on all fours. These data show cleariy that bipedalism was an energy-saving measure for humans. This initial bipedalism led to a number of other evolving traits: humans tended to use smaller muscles, which helped with energy efficiency, and evolved longer legs and thicker bones, which helped to distribute the weight in more efficient ways. It is plausible that this eventually led to a particularly bipedal kind of intelligence, but we can't know for sure. That must be a matter for the speculators. For the scientists, however, we have solved the mystery of bipedalism. The third paragraph of Passage 2 primarily serves to... Question research methods that would put monkeys on treadmills. Criticize the author of Passage 1 for his outmoded research Introduce new findings that offer a new take on an old debate. give a detailed account of an average laboratory research setup point out similarities between research findings of Passage 1 and Passage 2 15. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 One of the central mysteries of human evolution is that of bipedalism, or walking on two legs rather than four. If humans have four limbs like their primate ancestors, why do they use only two of them to walk? A number of theories have been proposed over the years, but one of the most compelling remains Charles Darwin's own. The advanced intelligence of the early human ancestors meant that they had more uses for their two free limbs. Imagine bringing the groceries in from the car: if you were using all four of your limbs to walk inside, how much could you carry? Not much, and the same was true for our early human ancestors. Early humans could not only carry more food back to their families. They could also begin to use the tools of the Stone Age: the early tools that archaeologists and others have found were operated manually, suggesting that early human hands evolved to have more dexterity than feet do. With more dexterity came more delicacy: early human feet were meant to plod along, while early human hands were involved in higher-order operations. In other words, bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive. Modern humans can't have one without the other. The obvious truth of such a claim is evident in any of the other decidedly human evolutions: we write with our hands, not our feet, for instance, and all of the tremendous advances in medical science, particularly in surgery, are frankly inconceivable without this combination of superior intelligence and dexterity. Human evolution, in this sense, can be seen as the evolution of human handiness, and the split from our nearest primate ancestors 4 to 7 million years ago can be explained by the idea that we stood up as they continued to walk on all fours. Passage 2 The author of Passage I cites an early theory from the Father of Evolution, but recent studies have shown the matter to be more than a question of human intelligence. After all, Darwin's theory shows more than anything a researcher's bias. If he seeks to prove, ultimately, that humans are an "evolved" species, then all of his theories must necessarily support this idea. This is not to say that Darwin's theory is necessarily wrong: it may be merely incomplete. It is conceivable, for instance, that bipedalism did ultimately contribute to the evolution of human intelligence, but such a theory does not explain the cause. We do not accept Passage I's proposition that "bipedalism and human intelligence are mutually constitutive." Bipedalism must have come first. It may have led to increased human intelligence, but to imagine some divine model of an already-intelligent brain saying, "Let us walk on two legs!" is something that reason cannot brook. A study issued in 2007 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows definitively the scientific basis for bipedalism: energy. Three researchers studied the various perambulatory habits of chimpanzees (humans' closest living ancestor) and humans. With both the humans and the chimpanzees on a treadmill, the researchers used oxygen masks to record energy expenditure. They found that the chimpanzees expended egual amounts of energy walking on two and four limbs. The humans, however, used 75 percent less energy walking upright than walking on all fours. These data show cleariy that bipedalism was an energy-saving measure for humans. This initial bipedalism led to a number of other evolving traits: humans tended to use smaller muscles, which helped with energy efficiency, and evolved longer legs and thicker bones, which helped to distribute the weight in more efficient ways. It is plausible that this eventually led to a particularly bipedal kind of intelligence, but we can't know for sure. That must be a matter for the speculators. For the scientists, however, we have solved the mystery of bipedalism. The authors of both passages would most likely agree with which of the following? Bipedalism and human intelligence evolved at the same time in history. If primates were to walk on two legs, they would expend less energy. Primates would expend as much energy as humans if the two went grocery shopping. Human use of hands and human intelligence are likely connected in the evolutionary process. Both primates and humans save energy by walking on two legs. 16. perhatikan soal berikut! Homeostasis, an animal's maintenance of certain internal variables within an acceptable range, particularly in extreme physical environments, has long interested biologists. The desert rat and the camel in the most water-deprived environments, and marine vertebrates in an all-water environment, encounter the same regulatory problem: maintaining adequate internal fluid balance. For desert rats and camels, the problem is conservation of water in an environment where standing water is nonexistent, temperature is high, and humidity is low. Despite these handicaps, desert rats are able to maintain the osmotic pressure of their blood, as well as their total body- water content, at approximately the same levels as other rats. One counter measure is behavioral: these rats stay in burrows during the hot part of the day, thus avoiding loss of fluid through panting or sweating, which are regulatory mechanisms for maintaining internal body temperature by evaporative cooling. Also, desert rats' kidneys can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as seawater. Camels, on the other hand, rely more on simple endurance. They cannot store water, and their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats. As a result, camels must tolerate losses in body water of up to 30 percent of their bodyweight. Nevertheless, camels do rely on a special mechanism to keep water loss within a tolerable range: by sweating and panting only when their body temperature exceeds that which would kill a human, they conserve internal water. Marine vertebrates experience difficulty with their water balance because though there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance. But the excess salts from the seawater must be discharged somehow, and the kidneys of most marine vertebrates are unable to excrete a urine in which the salts are more concentrated than in seawater. Most of these animals have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt. Which of the following most accuratelystates the purpose of the passage? To compare two different approaches to the study of homeostasis. To summarize the findings of several studies regarding organisms' maintenance of internal variables in extreme environments To argue for a particular hypothesis regarding various organisms' conservation of water in desert environments. To cite examples of how homeostasis is achieved by various organisms. To defend a new theory regarding the maintenance of adeguate fluid balance 17. perhatikan soal berikut! Homeostasis, an animal's maintenance of certain internal variables within an acceptable range, particularly in extreme physical environments, has long interested biologists. The desert rat and the camel in the most water-deprived environments, and marine vertebrates in an all-water environment, encounter the same regulatory problem: maintaining adequate internal fluid balance. For desert rats and camels, the problem is conservation of water in an environment where standing water is nonexistent, temperature is high, and humidity is low. Despite these handicaps, desert rats are able to maintain the osmotic pressure of their blood, as well as their total body- water content, at approximately the same levels as other rats. One counter measure is behavioral: these rats stay in burrows during the hot part of the day, thus avoiding loss of fluid through panting or sweating, which are regulatory mechanisms for maintaining internal body temperature by evaporative cooling. Also, desert rats' kidneys can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as seawater. Camels, on the other hand, rely more on simple endurance. They cannot store water, and their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats. As a result, camels must tolerate losses in body water of up to 30 percent of their bodyweight. Nevertheless, camels do rely on a special mechanism to keep water loss within a tolerable range: by sweating and panting only when their body temperature exceeds that which would kill a human, they conserve internal water. Marine vertebrates experience difficulty with their water balance because though there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance. But the excess salts from the seawater must be discharged somehow, and the kidneys of most marine vertebrates are unable to excrete a urine in which the salts are more concentrated than in seawater. Most of these animals have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt. It can be inferred from the passage that the author characterizes the camel's kidney as "entirely unexceptional" (line 13) primarily to emphasize that it ... functions much as the kidney of a rat functions does not aid the camel in coping with the exceptional water loss resulting from the extreme conditions of its environment does not enable the camel to excrete as much salt as do the kidneys of marine vertebrates is similar in structure to the kidneys of most mammals living in water-deprived environments requires the help of other organs in eliminating excess salt 18. perhatikan soal berikut! Homeostasis, an animal's maintenance of certain internal variables within an acceptable range, particularly in extreme physical environments, has long interested biologists. The desert rat and the camel in the most water-deprived environments, and marine vertebrates in an all-water environment, encounter the same regulatory problem: maintaining adequate internal fluid balance. For desert rats and camels, the problem is conservation of water in an environment where standing water is nonexistent, temperature is high, and humidity is low. Despite these handicaps, desert rats are able to maintain the osmotic pressure of their blood, as well as their total body- water content, at approximately the same levels as other rats. One counter measure is behavioral: these rats stay in burrows during the hot part of the day, thus avoiding loss of fluid through panting or sweating, which are regulatory mechanisms for maintaining internal body temperature by evaporative cooling. Also, desert rats' kidneys can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as seawater. Camels, on the other hand, rely more on simple endurance. They cannot store water, and their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats. As a result, camels must tolerate losses in body water of up to 30 percent of their bodyweight. Nevertheless, camels do rely on a special mechanism to keep water loss within a tolerable range: by sweating and panting only when their body temperature exceeds that which would kill a human, they conserve internal water. Marine vertebrates experience difficulty with their water balance because though there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance. But the excess salts from the seawater must be discharged somehow, and the kidneys of most marine vertebrates are unable to excrete a urine in which the salts are more concentrated than in seawater. Most of these animals have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt. It can be Inferred from the passage that some mechanisms that regulate Internal body temperature, like sweating and panting, can lead to which of the following? A rise in the external body temperature A drop in the body's Internal fluid level A decrease in the osmotic pressure of the blood A decrease in the amount of renal water loss A decrease in the urine's salt content. 19. perhatikan soal berikut! Meteorites are among the rarest materials that exist on earth-far less common than gold, diamonds, or even emeralds. Therefore, the chances of discovering a new example are slim-even for those who make their living hunting for and studying meteorites. A specimen that is thought to be a meteorite, but turns out to be a common earth rock is affectionately and humorously dubbed a meteor-wrong. The surface of our planet is rich in terrestrial iron oxides such as magnetic and hematite (many of which will stick to a magnet), dark black rocks such as basalt, and many different types of man-made metallic by-products such as run off (slag) from old smelters and cast off iron implements. All of these materials are frequently mistaken for meteorites. Identification of a genuine meteorite takes a practiced eye, but there are a number of simple tests that can help hopeful rock hounds determine if they have stumbled across a rare space rock, or just a common earthbound stone. Meteorites tend to look different from the ordinary terrestrial rocks around them. They do not contain the common earth mineral quartz, and in general do not contain vesicles. When gas escapes from cooling molten material, it creates small pinprick holes in a rock's surface. The volcanic rock pumice, often used in skin care for the removal of calluses, contains vesicles, which is one of the reasons it is very light in weight. Ifa suspected meteorite looks like a sponge, withlots of tiny holes, it is probably volcanic rock or slag of earthly origin. The most appropriate title for this passage is… Visual Identification of Meteor-Wrongs The Physical Structure of Kinds of Rocks Distinguishing Meteorites from Other Earthly Minerals Distinguishing Rare Outer Space Rocks on Earth The Difficulties of Finding the Right Method of Identification 20. perhatikan soal berikut! Meteorites are among the rarest materials that exist on earth-far less common than gold, diamonds, or even emeralds. Therefore, the chances of discovering a new example are slim-even for those who make their living hunting for and studying meteorites. A specimen that is thought to be a meteorite, but turns out to be a common earth rock is affectionately and humorously dubbed a meteor-wrong. The surface of our planet is rich in terrestrial iron oxides such as magnetic and hematite (many of which will stick to a magnet), dark black rocks such as basalt, and many different types of man-made metallic by-products such as run off (slag) from old smelters and cast off iron implements. All of these materials are frequently mistaken for meteorites. Identification of a genuine meteorite takes a practiced eye, but there are a number of simple tests that can help hopeful rock hounds determine if they have stumbled across a rare space rock, or just a common earthbound stone. Meteorites tend to look different from the ordinary terrestrial rocks around them. They do not contain the common earth mineral quartz, and in general do not contain vesicles. When gas escapes from cooling molten material, it creates small pinprick holes in a rock's surface. The volcanic rock pumice, often used in skin care for the removal of calluses, contains vesicles, which is one of the reasons it is very light in weight. Ifa suspected meteorite looks like a sponge, withlots of tiny holes, it is probably volcanic rock or slag of earthly origin. According to the text, which of the following FALSE? Most meteorites lack substances usually found in rocks. There are professionals who look for meteorites We can hardly find a meteorite around us A meteorite is less likely to have cavities Vesicles make a stone befty.
