Selamat Mengerjakan TRYOUT LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS 15 Name Email Asal Sekolah Phone 1. perhatikan soal berikut! What is the main purpose of the article? To provide information about the steps required in owning a home. To inform the public about the types of mortgages available today. To report the opinions of the experts in the real estate market. To encourage people to work harder achieve their career goals. to give instructions of how to buy a house for women. 2. perhatikan soal berikut! Which of the following is NOT a trend mentioned by the analysts? Women are placing less importance on their traditional roles as homemakers. Men are giving in to the pressure and settling down early. Women are taking over positions that were normally held by men. Men are less likely to chase after sound investment advice. Women have better capability of obtaining a mortgage 3. perhatikan soal berikut! What do the experts at the Institute predict? Men are beginning to show an Interest In the real estate market Men will reclaim the positions they lost to women Women will continue to Invest in homes. Women will resort to marriage for emotional security Women's foremost priority will continuously be seeking partner for lif 4. perhatikan soal berikut! A recent spate of launching and operating mishaps with television satellites led to a corresponding surge in claims against companies underwriting satellite insurance. As a result, insurance premiums shot up, making satellites more expensive to launch and operate. This, in turn, had added to the pressure to squeeze more performance out of currently operating satellites. Which of the following, if true, taken together with the information above, best supports the conclusion that the cost of television satellites will continue to increase? Since the risk to insurers of satellites is spread over relatively few units, insurance premiums are necessarily very high. When satellites reach orbit and then fail, the causes of failure are generally impossible to pinpoint with confidence. The greater the performance demands placed on satellites, the more frequently those satellites break down. Most satellites are produced in such small numbers that no economies of scale can be realized. Since many satellites are built by unwieldy International consortia, inefficiencies are inevitable 5. perhatikan soal berikut! Although the pesticideTDX has been widely used by fruit growers since the early 1960s,a regulation In force since 1960 has prohibited sale of fruit on which any TDX residue can be detected. That regulation is about to be replaced by one that allows sale of fruit on which trace amounts of TOX residue are detected. In fact, however, the change will not allow more TOX on fruit than was allowed in the 1960s, because .. Which of the following most logically completes the argument? pre-1970 techniques for detectingTDX residue could detect it only when it was present on fruit in more than the trace amounts allowed by the new regulations. many more people today than in the 1960s habitually purchase and eat fruit without making an effort to clean residues off the fruit. people today do not individually consume any more pieces of fruit, on average, than did the people in the 1960s. at least a small fraction of the fruit sold each year since the early 1960 shas had on it greater levels of TDX than the regulation allows. the presence of TOX on fruit in greater than trace amounts has not been shown to cause any harm even to children who eat large amounts of fruit. 6. perhatikan soal berikut! Dental researchers recently discovered that toothbrushes can become contaminated with bacteria that cause pneumonia and strep throat. They found that contamination usually occurs after toothbrushes have been used for four weeks. For that reason, people should replace their toothbrushes at least once a month. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above? The dental researchers could not discover why toothbrush contamination usually occurred only after toothbrushes had been used for four weeks. The dental researchers failed to investigate contamination of toothbrushes by Viruses, yeasts, and other pathogenic microorganisms. The dental researchers found that among people who used toothbrushes contaminated with bacteria that cause pneumonia and strep throat, the incidence of these diseases was no higher than among people who used uncontaminated toothbrushes. The dental researchers found that people who rinsed their toothbrushes thoroughly in hot water after each use were as likely to have contaminated toothbrushes as were people who only rinsed their toothbrushes hurriedly in cold water after each use. The dental researchers found that, after six weeks of use, greater length of use of a toothbrush did not correlate with a higher number of bacteria being present. 7. perhatikan soal berikut! Bank depositors in the United States are all financially protected against bank failure because the government insures all individuals' bank deposits. An economist argues that this insurance is partly responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that holds their money is secure against failure. If depositors were more selective, then banks would need to be secure in order to compete for depositors' money. The economist's argument makes which of the following assumptions? Bank failures are caused when big borrowers default on loan repayments. A significant proportion of depositors maintain accounts at several different banks. The more a depositor has to deposit, the more careful he or she tends to be in selecting a bank. The difference inthe interest rates paid to depositors by different banks is not a Significant factor in bank failures. Potential depositors are able to determine which banks are secure against failure. 8. perhatikan soal berikut! Thyrian Lawmaker: Thyria's Cheese Importation Board inspects all cheese shipments to Thyria and rejects shipments not meeting specified standards. Yet only 1 percent is ever rejected. Therefore, since the health consequences and associated economic costs of not rejecting that 1 percent are negligible, whereas the board's operating costs are considerable, for economic reasons alone the board should be disbanded. Consultant: I disagree. The threat of having their shipments rejected deters many cheese exporters from shipping substandard product. The consultant responds to the lawmaker's argument by ... rejecting the lawmaker's argument while proposing that the standards according to which the board inspects imported cheese should be raised providing evidence that the lawmaker's argument has significantly overestimated the cost of maintaining the board objectingtothe lawmaker's introducing into the discussion factors that are not strictly economic pointing out a benefit of maintaining the board, which the lawmaker's argument has failed to consider shifting the discussion from the argument at hand to an attack on the integrity of the cheese inspectors 9. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War II was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system. To ensure that all nations would prosper, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international; economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates international trade by ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system. The Bretton Woods system also established the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system of payment and receipts between nations, the World Bank initially gave loans to European countries devastated by World War Il and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. For example, the World Bank might provide a lowinterest loan to a country attempting to improve education or health. The goal of the World Bank is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.” In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. The Bank promotes economic and social progress s0 people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major, However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States. It established the U.S dollar as the global currency, A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and the yen (Japan). The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S> dollar. More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come. Passage 2 The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference endured for many years. Even after the United States abrogated agreements made at the conference, the nation continued to experience, a powerful position in international trade by having other countries the their currencies to the U.S. dollar. The world, however, is changing. In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard Nixon introduced a new economic policy. It marked the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary framework, and the action resulted in worldwide financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, however, endured: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been trading using a flexible exchange system. Namely, countries allow their exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing conditions. The exchange rate between two currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar, for example, specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are worth the same as one dollar. Even so, the U.S dollar has remained the most widely used money for international trade, and having one currency for all trade may be better than using a flexible exchange system. This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20) which has called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of governments and leaders from 20 of the word's largest economics including China, the United States, and the European Union. In 2019, for example, the G20 announced plans to create a new global currency to replace the U.S. dollar's role as the anchor currency. Many believe that Chinas's yuan, quickly climbing the financial ranks, is well On its way to becoming a major world reserve currency. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese, Europeans, and people in many other rich countries and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying for their shopping with the same currency.” The article predicted that the world supply of currency would be set by a new central bank of the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to fruition since the G20 indicated that a "world currency is in waiting.” For an international construct such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26 years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Bretton Woods, a new world order in finance Could be on the fast track. Based on passage 1, it can be reasonably inferred that ... world leaders recognized the need for markets to function independently Bretton Woods increased U.S. economic influence around the world the IMF and the World Bank work closelyntogether to ensure prosperity the conclusion of World War II had littleninfluence on event at Bretton Woods IMF gives loan to only developingncountries 10. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War II was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system. To ensure that all nations would prosper, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international; economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates international trade by ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system. The Bretton Woods system also established the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system of payment and receipts between nations, the World Bank initially gave loans to European countries devastated by World War Il and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. For example, the World Bank might provide a lowinterest loan to a country attempting to improve education or health. The goal of the World Bank is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.” In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. The Bank promotes economic and social progress s0 people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major, However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States. It established the U.S dollar as the global currency, A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and the yen (Japan). The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S> dollar. More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come. Passage 2 The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference endured for many years. Even after the United States abrogated agreements made at the conference, the nation continued to experience, a powerful position in international trade by having other countries the their currencies to the U.S. dollar. The world, however, is changing. In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard Nixon introduced a new economic policy. It marked the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary framework, and the action resulted in worldwide financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, however, endured: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been trading using a flexible exchange system. Namely, countries allow their exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing conditions. The exchange rate between two currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar, for example, specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are worth the same as one dollar. Even so, the U.S dollar has remained the most widely used money for international trade, and having one currency for all trade may be better than using a flexible exchange system. This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20) which has called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of governments and leaders from 20 of the word's largest economics including China, the United States, and the European Union. In 2019, for example, the G20 announced plans to create a new global currency to replace the U.S. dollar's role as the anchor currency. Many believe that Chinas's yuan, quickly climbing the financial ranks, is well On its way to becoming a major world reserve currency. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese, Europeans, and people in many other rich countries and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying for their shopping with the same currency.” The article predicted that the world supply of currency would be set by a new central bank of the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to fruition since the G20 indicated that a "world currency is in waiting.” For an international construct such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26 years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Bretton Woods, a new world order in finance Could be on the fast track. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? To ensure that all nations would prosper,mthe United States and other allied nationsmset rules for a postwar international;meconomy. (Passage 1, Paragraph 2) The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). (Passage 1, Paragraph 2) Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. (Passage 1, Paragraph 4) More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come, (Passage 1, Paragraph 5) The Bank promotes economic and social progress so people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. (Passage 1, Paragraph 3) 11. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War II was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system. To ensure that all nations would prosper, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international; economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates international trade by ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system. The Bretton Woods system also established the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system of payment and receipts between nations, the World Bank initially gave loans to European countries devastated by World War Il and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. For example, the World Bank might provide a lowinterest loan to a country attempting to improve education or health. The goal of the World Bank is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.” In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. The Bank promotes economic and social progress s0 people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major, However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States. It established the U.S dollar as the global currency, A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and the yen (Japan). The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S> dollar. More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come. Passage 2 The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference endured for many years. Even after the United States abrogated agreements made at the conference, the nation continued to experience, a powerful position in international trade by having other countries the their currencies to the U.S. dollar. The world, however, is changing. In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard Nixon introduced a new economic policy. It marked the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary framework, and the action resulted in worldwide financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, however, endured: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been trading using a flexible exchange system. Namely, countries allow their exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing conditions. The exchange rate between two currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar, for example, specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are worth the same as one dollar. Even so, the U.S dollar has remained the most widely used money for international trade, and having one currency for all trade may be better than using a flexible exchange system. This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20) which has called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of governments and leaders from 20 of the word's largest economics including China, the United States, and the European Union. In 2019, for example, the G20 announced plans to create a new global currency to replace the U.S. dollar's role as the anchor currency. Many believe that Chinas's yuan, quickly climbing the financial ranks, is well On its way to becoming a major world reserve currency. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese, Europeans, and people in many other rich countries and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying for their shopping with the same currency.” The article predicted that the world supply of currency would be set by a new central bank of the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to fruition since the G20 indicated that a "world currency is in waiting.” For an international construct such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26 years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Bretton Woods, a new world order in finance Could be on the fast track. Which statement best explains the different between the purposes of the IMF and the World Bank? The IMF provides money to pay for war costs, while the World Bank offers assistance to rebuild countries frorn war across the globe. The IMF encourage stability in the global financial system, while the World Bank promotes economic development in relatively poor nations. The IMF supports the U.S. dollar in international markets, while the World Bank provides low interest loans to many nations around the world. The IMF offers government advice about participation in global markets, while the World Bank encourage monetary cooper between nations. The IMF provides financial assistance to developed nations, while the World Bank provides financial assistance for developing countries. 12. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War II was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system. To ensure that all nations would prosper, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international; economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates international trade by ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system. The Bretton Woods system also established the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system of payment and receipts between nations, the World Bank initially gave loans to European countries devastated by World War Il and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. For example, the World Bank might provide a lowinterest loan to a country attempting to improve education or health. The goal of the World Bank is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.” In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. The Bank promotes economic and social progress s0 people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major, However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States. It established the U.S dollar as the global currency, A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and the yen (Japan). The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S> dollar. More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come. Passage 2 The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference endured for many years. Even after the United States abrogated agreements made at the conference, the nation continued to experience, a powerful position in international trade by having other countries the their currencies to the U.S. dollar. The world, however, is changing. In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard Nixon introduced a new economic policy. It marked the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary framework, and the action resulted in worldwide financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, however, endured: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been trading using a flexible exchange system. Namely, countries allow their exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing conditions. The exchange rate between two currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar, for example, specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are worth the same as one dollar. Even so, the U.S dollar has remained the most widely used money for international trade, and having one currency for all trade may be better than using a flexible exchange system. This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20) which has called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of governments and leaders from 20 of the word's largest economics including China, the United States, and the European Union. In 2019, for example, the G20 announced plans to create a new global currency to replace the U.S. dollar's role as the anchor currency. Many believe that Chinas's yuan, quickly climbing the financial ranks, is well On its way to becoming a major world reserve currency. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese, Europeans, and people in many other rich countries and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying for their shopping with the same currency.” The article predicted that the world supply of currency would be set by a new central bank of the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to fruition since the G20 indicated that a "world currency is in waiting.” For an international construct such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26 years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Bretton Woods, a new world order in finance Could be on the fast track. It can be reasonably inferred from Passage 2 and the graphic that ... international markets are increasingly comfortable using the yuan as trade currency the United States favors using the yuan as one of the world's reserve currencies The G20 wants to replace the yuan and other currencies with a new global currency the IMF continues to support the yuan and other currenties in a flexible exchange system US dollar is the most favored currency within G20 13. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War II was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system. To ensure that all nations would prosper, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international; economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates international trade by ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system. The Bretton Woods system also established the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system of payment and receipts between nations, the World Bank initially gave loans to European countries devastated by World War Il and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. For example, the World Bank might provide a lowinterest loan to a country attempting to improve education or health. The goal of the World Bank is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.” In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. The Bank promotes economic and social progress s0 people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major, However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States. It established the U.S dollar as the global currency, A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and the yen (Japan). The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S> dollar. More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come. Passage 2 The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference endured for many years. Even after the United States abrogated agreements made at the conference, the nation continued to experience, a powerful position in international trade by having other countries the their currencies to the U.S. dollar. The world, however, is changing. In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard Nixon introduced a new economic policy. It marked the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary framework, and the action resulted in worldwide financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, however, endured: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been trading using a flexible exchange system. Namely, countries allow their exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing conditions. The exchange rate between two currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar, for example, specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are worth the same as one dollar. Even so, the U.S dollar has remained the most widely used money for international trade, and having one currency for all trade may be better than using a flexible exchange system. This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20) which has called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of governments and leaders from 20 of the word's largest economics including China, the United States, and the European Union. In 2019, for example, the G20 announced plans to create a new global currency to replace the U.S. dollar's role as the anchor currency. Many believe that Chinas's yuan, quickly climbing the financial ranks, is well On its way to becoming a major world reserve currency. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese, Europeans, and people in many other rich countries and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying for their shopping with the same currency.” The article predicted that the world supply of currency would be set by a new central bank of the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to fruition since the G20 indicated that a "world currency is in waiting.” For an international construct such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26 years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Bretton Woods, a new world order in finance Could be on the fast track. the last paragraph of Passage 2 can be described as ... a refutation of opponents' criticism an indication of the author's opinion a summary of the author's main points an introduction of a contradictory position A new topic related to the main one. 14. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War II was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because delegates at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system. To ensure that all nations would prosper, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international; economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates international trade by ensuring the stability of the international monetary and financial system. The Bretton Woods system also established the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system of payment and receipts between nations, the World Bank initially gave loans to European countries devastated by World War Il and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. For example, the World Bank might provide a lowinterest loan to a country attempting to improve education or health. The goal of the World Bank is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.” In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. The Bank promotes economic and social progress s0 people can live better lives, while the IMF represents the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary cooperation and financial stability. These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major, However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States. It established the U.S dollar as the global currency, A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind both the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and the yen (Japan). The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S> dollar. More importantly, the conference profoundly shaped foreign trade for decades to come. Passage 2 The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference endured for many years. Even after the United States abrogated agreements made at the conference, the nation continued to experience, a powerful position in international trade by having other countries the their currencies to the U.S. dollar. The world, however, is changing. In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard Nixon introduced a new economic policy. It marked the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary framework, and the action resulted in worldwide financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, however, endured: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, IMF members have been trading using a flexible exchange system. Namely, countries allow their exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing conditions. The exchange rate between two currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. dollar, for example, specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are worth the same as one dollar. Even so, the U.S dollar has remained the most widely used money for international trade, and having one currency for all trade may be better than using a flexible exchange system. This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20) which has called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of governments and leaders from 20 of the word's largest economics including China, the United States, and the European Union. In 2019, for example, the G20 announced plans to create a new global currency to replace the U.S. dollar's role as the anchor currency. Many believe that Chinas's yuan, quickly climbing the financial ranks, is well On its way to becoming a major world reserve currency. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese, Europeans, and people in many other rich countries and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying for their shopping with the same currency.” The article predicted that the world supply of currency would be set by a new central bank of the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to fruition since the G20 indicated that a "world currency is in waiting.” For an international construct such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26 years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Bretton Woods, a new world order in finance Could be on the fast track. Both passages support which generalization about the global economy? U.S. influence on global trade has continued under a flexible exchange system. The purpose of the International Menetary Fund and the World Bank are indirectly related. The Group of Twenty represents the financial interests of the world's largest economies. international institutions such as the IMF continue to influence economic trade and development. China's yuan is on its way to the global currency. 15. perhatikan soal berikut! Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference," or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was allready well established in the AngloSaxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly (30) irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant he family oles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more Fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge. The author of the passage alludes to the well established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to ... illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general inteIlectual trends in English history argue that feminism was already a part of the largerAnglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women's emancipation explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English- speaking countries help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries 16. perhatikan soal berikut! Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference," or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was allready well established in the AngloSaxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly (30) irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant he family oles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more Fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following? The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated. The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society Aconsensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women. Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained. Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought. 17. perhatikan soal berikut! Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference," or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was allready well established in the AngloSaxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly (30) irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant he family oles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more Fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements? A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of grouptasks. A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among groupmembers. A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group. Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members. Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can resu It in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group. 18. perhatikan soal berikut! Spider-Man isn't the only person with an interest in spider silk. While Spider-Man uses the threads to zigzag from building to building, or to snare a bad guy, scientists are investigating silk for different reasons. Though researchers have learned a lot about silk by investigating spiders, insects such as caterpillars, ants and bees also have been studied for the sticky stuff. Scientists are even trying to get silk from animals such as goats. It turns out silk might be good for weaving a lot more than shirts and ties. In the future, the silky fiber might be used to make supertough bulletproof vests and light but strong parachute cords. Silk also might work well for delicate tasks inside the body. Researchers are experimenting with using silk to support growing cells, the same way a construction crew builds scaffolding around a building to help keep everything in its place during construction. Spider silk is an ideal material, according to a researcher from University of Wyoming, but humans have been gathering silk not from spiders but from silkworms for hundreds of years, But silkworm silk has its problems. A silkworm covers its silk in sticky glue that holds the cocoon together. Sometimes humans have a bad allerglc reaction to this glue. Spiders, on the other hand, don't use sticky glue. Most spiders have an abdomen made up of five different sections. The last two sections are where the silk-making happens, These sections of the lower belly are modified Into special structures called spinnerets, which are sort of like faucets for silk. The silk is mixed in glands and then secreted out of the spinnerets. Spiders can't shoot silk out for long distances the way Spider-Man does. Instead, they attach the ernerging silk to something, like a tree branch, and then move away from the branch, This pulls the silk outward. The main ingredient in spider silk is proteins, and there are many different kinds, depending on which spider is spinning and which silk it wants to make, Some of the proteins are very large and complicated, and therefore hard to make a lot of in the lab. So some scientists have put the genes that have the instructions for making silk into other creatures, such as goats. The silk-making genes are turned on only in the goat cells that make milk, so when these goats are milked, there is silk in the milk. However, a liter of milk may have only 15 grams of silk, which means it would take about 600 gallons of milk to make one bulletproof vest. At higher concentrations the milk starts clumping, perhaps because the silk proteins are sticking to milk proteins. An appropriate title for the text is ... The Chemical Characteristic of silk Silk Making: fromWorms to Spiders Artificial Spider Silk Production The Long History of Silk Silk's Superpower 19. perhatikan soal berikut! Spider-Man isn't the only person with an interest in spider silk. While Spider-Man uses the threads to zigzag from building to building, or to snare a bad guy, scientists are investigating silk for different reasons. Though researchers have learned a lot about silk by investigating spiders, insects such as caterpillars, ants and bees also have been studied for the sticky stuff. Scientists are even trying to get silk from animals such as goats. It turns out silk might be good for weaving a lot more than shirts and ties. In the future, the silky fiber might be used to make supertough bulletproof vests and light but strong parachute cords. Silk also might work well for delicate tasks inside the body. Researchers are experimenting with using silk to support growing cells, the same way a construction crew builds scaffolding around a building to help keep everything in its place during construction. Spider silk is an ideal material, according to a researcher from University of Wyoming, but humans have been gathering silk not from spiders but from silkworms for hundreds of years, But silkworm silk has its problems. A silkworm covers its silk in sticky glue that holds the cocoon together. Sometimes humans have a bad allerglc reaction to this glue. Spiders, on the other hand, don't use sticky glue. Most spiders have an abdomen made up of five different sections. The last two sections are where the silk-making happens, These sections of the lower belly are modified Into special structures called spinnerets, which are sort of like faucets for silk. The silk is mixed in glands and then secreted out of the spinnerets. Spiders can't shoot silk out for long distances the way Spider-Man does. Instead, they attach the ernerging silk to something, like a tree branch, and then move away from the branch, This pulls the silk outward. The main ingredient in spider silk is proteins, and there are many different kinds, depending on which spider is spinning and which silk it wants to make, Some of the proteins are very large and complicated, and therefore hard to make a lot of in the lab. So some scientists have put the genes that have the instructions for making silk into other creatures, such as goats. The silk-making genes are turned on only in the goat cells that make milk, so when these goats are milked, there is silk in the milk. However, a liter of milk may have only 15 grams of silk, which means it would take about 600 gallons of milk to make one bulletproof vest. At higher concentrations the milk starts clumping, perhaps because the silk proteins are sticking to milk proteins. Which field might use silk in the future? Health and automotive Agriculture and military Biochemistry and construction. Military and medicine. Mining and hospitality. 20. perhatikan soal berikut! Spider-Man isn't the only person with an interest in spider silk. While Spider-Man uses the threads to zigzag from building to building, or to snare a bad guy, scientists are investigating silk for different reasons. Though researchers have learned a lot about silk by investigating spiders, insects such as caterpillars, ants and bees also have been studied for the sticky stuff. Scientists are even trying to get silk from animals such as goats. It turns out silk might be good for weaving a lot more than shirts and ties. In the future, the silky fiber might be used to make supertough bulletproof vests and light but strong parachute cords. Silk also might work well for delicate tasks inside the body. Researchers are experimenting with using silk to support growing cells, the same way a construction crew builds scaffolding around a building to help keep everything in its place during construction. Spider silk is an ideal material, according to a researcher from University of Wyoming, but humans have been gathering silk not from spiders but from silkworms for hundreds of years, But silkworm silk has its problems. A silkworm covers its silk in sticky glue that holds the cocoon together. Sometimes humans have a bad allerglc reaction to this glue. Spiders, on the other hand, don't use sticky glue. Most spiders have an abdomen made up of five different sections. The last two sections are where the silk-making happens, These sections of the lower belly are modified Into special structures called spinnerets, which are sort of like faucets for silk. The silk is mixed in glands and then secreted out of the spinnerets. Spiders can't shoot silk out for long distances the way Spider-Man does. Instead, they attach the ernerging silk to something, like a tree branch, and then move away from the branch, This pulls the silk outward. The main ingredient in spider silk is proteins, and there are many different kinds, depending on which spider is spinning and which silk it wants to make, Some of the proteins are very large and complicated, and therefore hard to make a lot of in the lab. So some scientists have put the genes that have the instructions for making silk into other creatures, such as goats. The silk-making genes are turned on only in the goat cells that make milk, so when these goats are milked, there is silk in the milk. However, a liter of milk may have only 15 grams of silk, which means it would take about 600 gallons of milk to make one bulletproof vest. At higher concentrations the milk starts clumping, perhaps because the silk proteins are sticking to milk proteins. Why did the writer mention building construction? To illustrate how strong and elastic silk s To describe how researchers extract silk out of spiders. To explain about the process of silk making To illustrate how growing cells can be held up by silk. To compare between silk from silkworms and silk from spiders.
