Selamat Mengerjakan LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS 9 Nama Asal Sekolah 1. perhatikan soal berikut! Where would this information most likely be posted? At a bus stop. In a hotel lobby. At a shopping center. At a post office, At a Mall Entrance 2. perhatikan soal berikut! According to the information, which can be performed at 1 o'clock in the morning? Withdrawing some cash. Working out at the gym. Getting medicine fora cold. Getting pictures developed. Window Shopping. 3. perhatikan soal berikut! What can be inferred from the information? A ride to the airport is available very infrequently. Packages can be sent during businesshours. Guests can get their suits pressed right from their rooms. Help with the bags is available with just a phone call. Guests can do exercise on the 3rd floor. 4. perhatikan soal berikut! In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children. In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to planta new variety of sweet potato called SPKOO4 that is rich in betacarotene, which the bodyconverts into vitaminA. The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region's diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed? The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions inwhich SPKOO4 can flourish. The flesh of SPKOO4 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPKOO4. There areno other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPKO04 is. The varieties of sweet potatocurrently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPKOO4. There are other vegetables currently grown in the regionthat contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do. 5. perhatikan soal berikut! Community activist : If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville. Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in theshopping district. The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist's reasoning? Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns? Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville? In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period? What proportion of the employees at the Save All store on the out skirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville? Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation? 6. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 The evils of the employment of pauper nurses is dwelt upon by all who have considered the subject of workhouse management. When we consider the persons to whom such extensive power and responsibility are entrusted, in the care of 50,000 sick persons in the London workhouses alone, we can hardly wonder at what is told of the results of the system. The only way in which an employment of the inmates could be successfully carried out, would be under the constant supervision of superior persons; but in the present system, that is an impossibility. Efficient nurses, who could gain a living in any of our hospitals, would not be likely to offer themselves for a post in which it is nearly all work of the hardest kind, and no pay. One of these pauper nurses boldly stated that she had been sixteen times in the House of Correction, and she was not ashamed of it. Of course such labor is cheap, and it Is desirable, if possible, to employ those who must be maintained at the cost of the parish; but in no case should they be left with the sole charge and responsibility of sick wards, as they continually are at present, without any other control than the occasional visit of the matron, bestowed at the utmost once a day, in some cases only once a week. Seeing how careful boards of guardians are In all matters of expense, it would have been well if the recommendation of the poor law with regard to the employment of at least one paid nurse had been a law; as it is, many workhouses are without one, That such a person would always be all we could desire for so important a post we could hardly hope, from what we know of the paid nurses in hospitals, but at any rate there would be a better chance of efficiency and character than in the present plan. Passage 2 But on the 18th of May, 1865, a Lady Superintendent who had received a thorough training at Kaiserswerth and St. Thomas's, twelve Nightingale nurses from St. Thomas's, eighteen probationers, and fifty-two of the old pauper nurses were placed in charge of the patients in the male wards of the Workhouse Infirmary. With the exception of the failure of the nurses taken from the pauper class, the first year's trial was sufficiently successful to induce a continuance of the experiment. It was impossible, however, to judge the result by statistics. None that were available could be considered as an evidence of success or failure, for several reasons. The season was very unhealthy, and to relieve the pressure on the space and resources of the hospital, steps were taken to treat slight cases outside. The endeavor to limit the admissions to serious cases would of course affect the returns, both as regards the time taken in curing, and the proportion of deaths. Even had there been no exceptional disturbing element, there is a defect in the statistics of workhouse hospitals which affects all inferences from them, in the absence of any careful classified list of cases kept by the medical officers, such as might fairly enable one to form a judgment from mere statistical tables. These, then, are not reliable as means of judgment, unless extending over a long period. The character of seasons, and nature of cases admitted, varies so much from year to year as to invalidate any deductions, unless founded on minutely kept medical records. The following extracts, however, from the reports of the Governor, and the surgical and medical officers of the Workhouse, bear decisive witness to the value of the "new system,” especially as contrasted with the "old system,” which in 1865-66 still prevailed in the female wards. All these reports bear emphatic testimony to the merits and devotion of the Lady Superitendent and her staff. The medical men it is noteworthy, speak strongly of the better discipline and far greater obedience to their orders observable where the trained nurses are employed-a point the more important because it is that on which, before experience has reassured them, medical and other authorities have often been most doubtful. The primary purpose of Passage 1 is to ... praise an effective structure criticize a social group examine the finances of a system advocate for a necessary change describing an applicable hospital management 7. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 The evils of the employment of pauper nurses is dwelt upon by all who have considered the subject of workhouse management. When we consider the persons to whom such extensive power and responsibility are entrusted, in the care of 50,000 sick persons in the London workhouses alone, we can hardly wonder at what is told of the results of the system. The only way in which an employment of the inmates could be successfully carried out, would be under the constant supervision of superior persons; but in the present system, that is an impossibility. Efficient nurses, who could gain a living in any of our hospitals, would not be likely to offer themselves for a post in which it is nearly all work of the hardest kind, and no pay. One of these pauper nurses boldly stated that she had been sixteen times in the House of Correction, and she was not ashamed of it. Of course such labor is cheap, and it Is desirable, if possible, to employ those who must be maintained at the cost of the parish; but in no case should they be left with the sole charge and responsibility of sick wards, as they continually are at present, without any other control than the occasional visit of the matron, bestowed at the utmost once a day, in some cases only once a week. Seeing how careful boards of guardians are In all matters of expense, it would have been well if the recommendation of the poor law with regard to the employment of at least one paid nurse had been a law; as it is, many workhouses are without one, That such a person would always be all we could desire for so important a post we could hardly hope, from what we know of the paid nurses in hospitals, but at any rate there would be a better chance of efficiency and character than in the present plan. Passage 2 But on the 18th of May, 1865, a Lady Superintendent who had received a thorough training at Kaiserswerth and St. Thomas's, twelve Nightingale nurses from St. Thomas's, eighteen probationers, and fifty-two of the old pauper nurses were placed in charge of the patients in the male wards of the Workhouse Infirmary. With the exception of the failure of the nurses taken from the pauper class, the first year's trial was sufficiently successful to induce a continuance of the experiment. It was impossible, however, to judge the result by statistics. None that were available could be considered as an evidence of success or failure, for several reasons. The season was very unhealthy, and to relieve the pressure on the space and resources of the hospital, steps were taken to treat slight cases outside. The endeavor to limit the admissions to serious cases would of course affect the returns, both as regards the time taken in curing, and the proportion of deaths. Even had there been no exceptional disturbing element, there is a defect in the statistics of workhouse hospitals which affects all inferences from them, in the absence of any careful classified list of cases kept by the medical officers, such as might fairly enable one to form a judgment from mere statistical tables. These, then, are not reliable as means of judgment, unless extending over a long period. The character of seasons, and nature of cases admitted, varies so much from year to year as to invalidate any deductions, unless founded on minutely kept medical records. The following extracts, however, from the reports of the Governor, and the surgical and medical officers of the Workhouse, bear decisive witness to the value of the "new system,” especially as contrasted with the "old system,” which in 1865-66 still prevailed in the female wards. All these reports bear emphatic testimony to the merits and devotion of the Lady Superitendent and her staff. The medical men it is noteworthy, speak strongly of the better discipline and far greater obedience to their orders observable where the trained nurses are employed-a point the more important because it is that on which, before experience has reassured them, medical and other authorities have often been most doubtful. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? Passage 1Paragraph 1 ("Efficient nurses...pay”) Passage 1 Paragraph 1 ("One of...it") Passage 1 Last Paragraph 1 (“but in...week”) Passage 1 Paragraph 2 (“Seeing how….low”) Passage 1 Paragraph 2 (“that such”…..”plan”) 8. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 The evils of the employment of pauper nurses is dwelt upon by all who have considered the subject of workhouse management. When we consider the persons to whom such extensive power and responsibility are entrusted, in the care of 50,000 sick persons in the London workhouses alone, we can hardly wonder at what is told of the results of the system. The only way in which an employment of the inmates could be successfully carried out, would be under the constant supervision of superior persons; but in the present system, that is an impossibility. Efficient nurses, who could gain a living in any of our hospitals, would not be likely to offer themselves for a post in which it is nearly all work of the hardest kind, and no pay. One of these pauper nurses boldly stated that she had been sixteen times in the House of Correction, and she was not ashamed of it. Of course such labor is cheap, and it Is desirable, if possible, to employ those who must be maintained at the cost of the parish; but in no case should they be left with the sole charge and responsibility of sick wards, as they continually are at present, without any other control than the occasional visit of the matron, bestowed at the utmost once a day, in some cases only once a week. Seeing how careful boards of guardians are In all matters of expense, it would have been well if the recommendation of the poor law with regard to the employment of at least one paid nurse had been a law; as it is, many workhouses are without one, That such a person would always be all we could desire for so important a post we could hardly hope, from what we know of the paid nurses in hospitals, but at any rate there would be a better chance of efficiency and character than in the present plan. Passage 2 But on the 18th of May, 1865, a Lady Superintendent who had received a thorough training at Kaiserswerth and St. Thomas's, twelve Nightingale nurses from St. Thomas's, eighteen probationers, and fifty-two of the old pauper nurses were placed in charge of the patients in the male wards of the Workhouse Infirmary. With the exception of the failure of the nurses taken from the pauper class, the first year's trial was sufficiently successful to induce a continuance of the experiment. It was impossible, however, to judge the result by statistics. None that were available could be considered as an evidence of success or failure, for several reasons. The season was very unhealthy, and to relieve the pressure on the space and resources of the hospital, steps were taken to treat slight cases outside. The endeavor to limit the admissions to serious cases would of course affect the returns, both as regards the time taken in curing, and the proportion of deaths. Even had there been no exceptional disturbing element, there is a defect in the statistics of workhouse hospitals which affects all inferences from them, in the absence of any careful classified list of cases kept by the medical officers, such as might fairly enable one to form a judgment from mere statistical tables. These, then, are not reliable as means of judgment, unless extending over a long period. The character of seasons, and nature of cases admitted, varies so much from year to year as to invalidate any deductions, unless founded on minutely kept medical records. The following extracts, however, from the reports of the Governor, and the surgical and medical officers of the Workhouse, bear decisive witness to the value of the "new system,” especially as contrasted with the "old system,” which in 1865-66 still prevailed in the female wards. All these reports bear emphatic testimony to the merits and devotion of the Lady Superitendent and her staff. The medical men it is noteworthy, speak strongly of the better discipline and far greater obedience to their orders observable where the trained nurses are employed-a point the more important because it is that on which, before experience has reassured them, medical and other authorities have often been most doubtful. As used in passage 1 paragraph 1, maintained" most nearly means .. provided for affirmed healed fixed neglected 9. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 The evils of the employment of pauper nurses is dwelt upon by all who have considered the subject of workhouse management. When we consider the persons to whom such extensive power and responsibility are entrusted, in the care of 50,000 sick persons in the London workhouses alone, we can hardly wonder at what is told of the results of the system. The only way in which an employment of the inmates could be successfully carried out, would be under the constant supervision of superior persons; but in the present system, that is an impossibility. Efficient nurses, who could gain a living in any of our hospitals, would not be likely to offer themselves for a post in which it is nearly all work of the hardest kind, and no pay. One of these pauper nurses boldly stated that she had been sixteen times in the House of Correction, and she was not ashamed of it. Of course such labor is cheap, and it Is desirable, if possible, to employ those who must be maintained at the cost of the parish; but in no case should they be left with the sole charge and responsibility of sick wards, as they continually are at present, without any other control than the occasional visit of the matron, bestowed at the utmost once a day, in some cases only once a week. Seeing how careful boards of guardians are In all matters of expense, it would have been well if the recommendation of the poor law with regard to the employment of at least one paid nurse had been a law; as it is, many workhouses are without one, That such a person would always be all we could desire for so important a post we could hardly hope, from what we know of the paid nurses in hospitals, but at any rate there would be a better chance of efficiency and character than in the present plan. Passage 2 But on the 18th of May, 1865, a Lady Superintendent who had received a thorough training at Kaiserswerth and St. Thomas's, twelve Nightingale nurses from St. Thomas's, eighteen probationers, and fifty-two of the old pauper nurses were placed in charge of the patients in the male wards of the Workhouse Infirmary. With the exception of the failure of the nurses taken from the pauper class, the first year's trial was sufficiently successful to induce a continuance of the experiment. It was impossible, however, to judge the result by statistics. None that were available could be considered as an evidence of success or failure, for several reasons. The season was very unhealthy, and to relieve the pressure on the space and resources of the hospital, steps were taken to treat slight cases outside. The endeavor to limit the admissions to serious cases would of course affect the returns, both as regards the time taken in curing, and the proportion of deaths. Even had there been no exceptional disturbing element, there is a defect in the statistics of workhouse hospitals which affects all inferences from them, in the absence of any careful classified list of cases kept by the medical officers, such as might fairly enable one to form a judgment from mere statistical tables. These, then, are not reliable as means of judgment, unless extending over a long period. The character of seasons, and nature of cases admitted, varies so much from year to year as to invalidate any deductions, unless founded on minutely kept medical records. The following extracts, however, from the reports of the Governor, and the surgical and medical officers of the Workhouse, bear decisive witness to the value of the "new system,” especially as contrasted with the "old system,” which in 1865-66 still prevailed in the female wards. All these reports bear emphatic testimony to the merits and devotion of the Lady Superitendent and her staff. The medical men it is noteworthy, speak strongly of the better discipline and far greater obedience to their orders observable where the trained nurses are employed-a point the more important because it is that on which, before experience has reassured them, medical and other authorities have often been most doubtful. As used in passage 2 paragraph 3, the phrase "character of seasons" most nearly means ... changes in morality weather patterns the overall health during a period the unpredictable nature of human behavior actual seasons characteristics 10. perhatikan soal berikut! Passage 1 The evils of the employment of pauper nurses is dwelt upon by all who have considered the subject of workhouse management. When we consider the persons to whom such extensive power and responsibility are entrusted, in the care of 50,000 sick persons in the London workhouses alone, we can hardly wonder at what is told of the results of the system. The only way in which an employment of the inmates could be successfully carried out, would be under the constant supervision of superior persons; but in the present system, that is an impossibility. Efficient nurses, who could gain a living in any of our hospitals, would not be likely to offer themselves for a post in which it is nearly all work of the hardest kind, and no pay. One of these pauper nurses boldly stated that she had been sixteen times in the House of Correction, and she was not ashamed of it. Of course such labor is cheap, and it Is desirable, if possible, to employ those who must be maintained at the cost of the parish; but in no case should they be left with the sole charge and responsibility of sick wards, as they continually are at present, without any other control than the occasional visit of the matron, bestowed at the utmost once a day, in some cases only once a week. Seeing how careful boards of guardians are In all matters of expense, it would have been well if the recommendation of the poor law with regard to the employment of at least one paid nurse had been a law; as it is, many workhouses are without one, That such a person would always be all we could desire for so important a post we could hardly hope, from what we know of the paid nurses in hospitals, but at any rate there would be a better chance of efficiency and character than in the present plan. Passage 2 But on the 18th of May, 1865, a Lady Superintendent who had received a thorough training at Kaiserswerth and St. Thomas's, twelve Nightingale nurses from St. Thomas's, eighteen probationers, and fifty-two of the old pauper nurses were placed in charge of the patients in the male wards of the Workhouse Infirmary. With the exception of the failure of the nurses taken from the pauper class, the first year's trial was sufficiently successful to induce a continuance of the experiment. It was impossible, however, to judge the result by statistics. None that were available could be considered as an evidence of success or failure, for several reasons. The season was very unhealthy, and to relieve the pressure on the space and resources of the hospital, steps were taken to treat slight cases outside. The endeavor to limit the admissions to serious cases would of course affect the returns, both as regards the time taken in curing, and the proportion of deaths. Even had there been no exceptional disturbing element, there is a defect in the statistics of workhouse hospitals which affects all inferences from them, in the absence of any careful classified list of cases kept by the medical officers, such as might fairly enable one to form a judgment from mere statistical tables. These, then, are not reliable as means of judgment, unless extending over a long period. The character of seasons, and nature of cases admitted, varies so much from year to year as to invalidate any deductions, unless founded on minutely kept medical records. The following extracts, however, from the reports of the Governor, and the surgical and medical officers of the Workhouse, bear decisive witness to the value of the "new system,” especially as contrasted with the "old system,” which in 1865-66 still prevailed in the female wards. All these reports bear emphatic testimony to the merits and devotion of the Lady Superitendent and her staff. The medical men it is noteworthy, speak strongly of the better discipline and far greater obedience to their orders observable where the trained nurses are employed-a point the more important because it is that on which, before experience has reassured them, medical and other authorities have often been most doubtful. The author of Passage 1 would most likely respond to the phrase in paragraph 2 (“With the exception...class") of Passage 2 by ... expressing surprise at an unexpected result that is inconsistent with prior observations acknowledging that an ideal situation may not be practical to attain noting that intervention earlier in life may have changed an outcome suggesting that the data may not be entirely representative Confirming that such related circumstance is impossible to occur 11. perhatikan soal berikut! Extinction is a process that can depend on a variety of ecological, geographical, and physiological variables. These variables affect different species of organisms in different ways, and should, therefore, yield a random pattern of extinctions. However, the fossil record shows that extinction occurs in a surprisingly definite pattern, with many species vanishing at the same time. Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for at leasta partial explanation of the patterned extinctions revealed by the fossil record? Major episodes of extinction can result from widespread environmental disturbances that affect numerous different species. Certain extinction episodes selectively affect organisms with particular sets of characteristics unique to their species. Sorne species become extinct because of accumulated gradual changes in their local environments. In geologicallyrecent times, for which there is nofossil record, human intervention has changed the pattern of extinctions. Species that arewidelydispersed are the least likely to become extinct. 12. perhatikan soal berikut! Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation. If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them? Countries with large national budget deficits tend to restrict foreign trade. Reliable comparisons of the deficit figures of one country with those of another are impossible. Reducing country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have. When countries are ordered from largest to smallest in terms of population, the smallest countries generally have the smallest budget and trade deficits. Countries with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits. 13. perhatikan soal berikut! In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter, Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions. Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to past war efforts had brought them some legal and political advances, Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to “return fighting” from the war. The passage is primarily concerned with ... identifying historical circumstances that led Du Bois to alter his long-term goals defining “accommodationsm” and showing how Du Bois used this strategy to achieve certain goals accounting for a prticular position adopted by Du Bois during the First World War contesting the view that Du Bois was significantly influenced by either Washington or Trotter assessing the effectiveness of a strategy that Du Bois urged African Americans to adopt 14. perhatikan soal berikut! In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter, Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions. Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to past war efforts had brought them some legal and political advances, Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to “return fighting” from the war. The passage indicates which of the foIlowing about Du Bois's attitude toward Washington? It underwent a shift during the First World War as Du Bois became more sympathetic with Trotter's views. It underwent a shift in 1903 for reasons other than Du Bois's disagreement with Washington's accommodationist views. It underwent a shift as Du Bois made a long-term commitment to the strategy of accommodation. It remained consistently positive even though Du Bois disagreed with Washington's efforts to control the African American press. It was shaped primarily by Du Bois's appreciation of Washington's pragmatic approach to the advancement of the interests of African Americans. 15. perhatikan soal berikut! In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter, Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions. Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to past war efforts had brought them some legal and political advances, Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to “return fighting” from the war. The passage suggests which of the following about the contributions of African Americans to the United States war effort during the FirstWorld War? The contributions were made largely in response to Du Bois's 1918 editorial. The contributions had much the same effect as African Americans' contributions to previous wars. The contributions did not end discrimination against African Americans in the military. The contributions were made in protest against Trotter's confrontationist tactics. The contributions were made primarily by civil rights activists who returned to activism after the war. 16. perhatikan soal berikut! In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter, Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions. Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to past war efforts had brought them some legal and political advances, Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to “return fighting” from the war. The author of the passage refers to Washington's call to African Americans in 1895 primarily in order to ... identify Du Bois's characteristic position on the continuum between accommoationism and confrontationism explain why Du Bois was sympathetic with Washington's views in 1895 clarify how Trotter's views differed from those of Washington in 1895 support an assertion about Du Bois's tendency to shift his political positions dismiss the claim that Du Bois's position in his 1918 editorial was consistent with his previous views 17. perhatikan soal berikut! In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter, Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions. Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to past war efforts had brought them some legal and political advances, Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to “return fighting” from the war. According to the passage, which of the foIlowing is true of the strategy that Du Bois's 1918 editorial urged African Americans to adoptduring the First World War? It was a strategy that Du Bois had consistently rejected in the past. It represented a compromise between Du Boi s's own views and those of Trotter. It represented a significant redefinition of the long-term goals Du Bois held prior to the war. It was advocated by Du Bois in response to his recognition of the discrimination faced by African Americans during the war. It was advocated by Du Bois in part because of his historical knowledge of gains African Americans had made during pastwars. 18. perhatikan soal berikut! This report presents the results of a study conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to assess the effects of two programs that were implemented to reduce the incidence of aggressive driving. The programs were conducted by the Marion County Traffic Safety Partnership (Indianapolis, Indiana), and The Tucson, Arizona, Police Department. Samples of vehicle speed, collected unobtrusively in the special enforcement zones, and crash incidence served as the primary measures of the programs' effect. The total number of crashes in the Marion County special enforcement zones increased by 32 percent, compared to the same six month period one year earlier; the number of those crashes with primary collision factors (PCFs) associated with aggressive driving increased by 41 percent. That is, the total number of crashes increased, but the crashes with aggressive driving PCFs increased at a greater rate. The change in proportion of crashes with the target PCFs provides a better measure than crash frequency because it eliminates the effects of changes in traffic volume and other factors that might have contributed to the overall increase in crash incidence. In this regard, the Marion County zones experienced a six percent increase in the proportion of all crashes with aggressive driving PCFs, despite the extensive publicity and special enforcement efforts. The number of crashes in Tucson's special enforcement zones increased by ten percent, but the number of crashes with aggressive driving PCFs increased by less than one percent. More important, the proportion of all crashes with target PCFs decreased by eight percent. That is, crash incidence increased overall in Tucson's zones, but the proportion of those crashes with aggressive driving PCFs declined. The original purpose of this report was to present, rather than compare, the two aggressive driving programs. However, comparisons are inevitable and the substantially different results of the two programs require an explanation. First, it is important to understand that it is impossible to control all of the variables that could influence the outcome of a study when conducting large-scale quasi-experiments, such as the programs described in this report. Highway maintenance projects and large residential developments that increase traffic volumes on surface streets are examples of Unexpected and uncontrolled variables that can affect dependent measures in a field study involving driver behavior. Every attempt was made to identify and control relevant variables within each program, but the research was not originally designed to support systematic comparisons between the two programs. Marion County, Indiana, and Tucson, Arizona, are different in many ways, and it Is possible that some of those differences could be responsible for the differential results reported here. What is the main idea of this passage? The causes and effects of road rage. A study on two aggressive driving programs. A comparison of Marion County, Indiana to Tucson, Arizona. A new proposal for highway maintenance. The recent increase in fatal traffic accidents. 19. perhatikan soal berikut! This report presents the results of a study conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to assess the effects of two programs that were implemented to reduce the incidence of aggressive driving. The programs were conducted by the Marion County Traffic Safety Partnership (Indianapolis, Indiana), and The Tucson, Arizona, Police Department. Samples of vehicle speed, collected unobtrusively in the special enforcement zones, and crash incidence served as the primary measures of the programs' effect. The total number of crashes in the Marion County special enforcement zones increased by 32 percent, compared to the same six month period one year earlier; the number of those crashes with primary collision factors (PCFs) associated with aggressive driving increased by 41 percent. That is, the total number of crashes increased, but the crashes with aggressive driving PCFs increased at a greater rate. The change in proportion of crashes with the target PCFs provides a better measure than crash frequency because it eliminates the effects of changes in traffic volume and other factors that might have contributed to the overall increase in crash incidence. In this regard, the Marion County zones experienced a six percent increase in the proportion of all crashes with aggressive driving PCFs, despite the extensive publicity and special enforcement efforts. The number of crashes in Tucson's special enforcement zones increased by ten percent, but the number of crashes with aggressive driving PCFs increased by less than one percent. More important, the proportion of all crashes with target PCFs decreased by eight percent. That is, crash incidence increased overall in Tucson's zones, but the proportion of those crashes with aggressive driving PCFs declined. The original purpose of this report was to present, rather than compare, the two aggressive driving programs. However, comparisons are inevitable and the substantially different results of the two programs require an explanation. First, it is important to understand that it is impossible to control all of the variables that could influence the outcome of a study when conducting large-scale quasi-experiments, such as the programs described in this report. Highway maintenance projects and large residential developments that increase traffic volumes on surface streets are examples of Unexpected and uncontrolled variables that can affect dependent measures in a field study involving driver behavior. Every attempt was made to identify and control relevant variables within each program, but the research was not originally designed to support systematic comparisons between the two programs. Marion County, Indiana, and Tucson, Arizona, are different in many ways, and it Is possible that some of those differences could be responsible for the differential results reported here. What is of the primary purpose this passage? To mediate between two traffic research syndicates. To identify which factors have the most influence on PCFs. To present a theory explaining how location affects collision frequency To defend the validity of a study on two aggressive driving programs. To compare and discuss the results of a study of aggressive driving programs. 20. perhatikan soal berikut! This report presents the results of a study conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to assess the effects of two programs that were implemented to reduce the incidence of aggressive driving. The programs were conducted by the Marion County Traffic Safety Partnership (Indianapolis, Indiana), and The Tucson, Arizona, Police Department. Samples of vehicle speed, collected unobtrusively in the special enforcement zones, and crash incidence served as the primary measures of the programs' effect. The total number of crashes in the Marion County special enforcement zones increased by 32 percent, compared to the same six month period one year earlier; the number of those crashes with primary collision factors (PCFs) associated with aggressive driving increased by 41 percent. That is, the total number of crashes increased, but the crashes with aggressive driving PCFs increased at a greater rate. The change in proportion of crashes with the target PCFs provides a better measure than crash frequency because it eliminates the effects of changes in traffic volume and other factors that might have contributed to the overall increase in crash incidence. In this regard, the Marion County zones experienced a six percent increase in the proportion of all crashes with aggressive driving PCFs, despite the extensive publicity and special enforcement efforts. The number of crashes in Tucson's special enforcement zones increased by ten percent, but the number of crashes with aggressive driving PCFs increased by less than one percent. More important, the proportion of all crashes with target PCFs decreased by eight percent. That is, crash incidence increased overall in Tucson's zones, but the proportion of those crashes with aggressive driving PCFs declined. The original purpose of this report was to present, rather than compare, the two aggressive driving programs. However, comparisons are inevitable and the substantially different results of the two programs require an explanation. First, it is important to understand that it is impossible to control all of the variables that could influence the outcome of a study when conducting large-scale quasi-experiments, such as the programs described in this report. Highway maintenance projects and large residential developments that increase traffic volumes on surface streets are examples of Unexpected and uncontrolled variables that can affect dependent measures in a field study involving driver behavior. Every attempt was made to identify and control relevant variables within each program, but the research was not originally designed to support systematic comparisons between the two programs. Marion County, Indiana, and Tucson, Arizona, are different in many ways, and it Is possible that some of those differences could be responsible for the differential results reported here. What attitude is expressed by the author of this passage? Mournfulness for the victims of traffic accidents. Objective commitment to scientific accuracy. Bewilderment at unexpected results. Enthusiasm for increased law enforcement. Disappointment in aggressive drivers.
